Anglo-Frisian
Futhorc

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1

𓃾

Head of Ox

Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/
Conventional Anglicisation: ka

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1

𓉐

House plan

Phonogram pr for: pr “house”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/
Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/
Conventional Anglicisation: per

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14

𓌙

Throw stick

Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/
Conventional Anglicisation: qema

Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/
Conventional Anglicisation: aam

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1

𓆛

Bulti fish

Phonogram in for: int “bulti”

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28

𓀠

Man with arms raised

Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3

𓌉

Pear shaped mace

Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4

𓏭

Two diagonal strokes

Determinative for duality

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6

𓉗

Plan of rectangular enclosure

Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/
Conventional Anglicisation: hut

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35

𓄤

Heart and windpipe

Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/
Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/
Conventional Anglicisation: nefer

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42

𓂣

Arm with downward facing palm

Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/
Conventional Anglicisation: meh

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46

𓂧

Hand

Phonogram d
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/

Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: djeret

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39

𓋿

Crook

Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/
Conventional Anglicisation: aut

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35

𓈖

Water ripple

Phonogram n
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10

𓆓

Cobra

Phonogram ḏ
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11

𓊽

Reed column

Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/
Conventional Anglicisation: djed

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4

𓁹

Eye

Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/
Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/
Conventional Anglicisation: iri

Ideogram for: jrt “eye”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: iret

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21

𓂋

Mouth

Phonogram r
Ideogram for: r “mouth”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22

𓇑

Rush with roots

Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24

𓎗

Cord on stick

Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/
Conventional Anglicisation: wedj

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1

𓁶

Head

Phonogram tp
Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/
Conventional Anglicisation: tepw

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a

𓌓

Bow

Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9

𓏴

Crossed sticks

Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”

Elder Futhark letter *ansuz

ᚨ

ᚨᚾᛊᚢᛉ

god
a
IPA: /a(ː)/

Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Á (A),
or Etruscan letter A (𐌀),
or Archaic Greek letter Alpha.

Elder Futhark letter *berkana

ᛒ

ᛒᛖᚱᚲᚨᚾᚨ

birch twig
b
IPA: /b/

Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Bé (B),
or Etruscan letter Be (𐌁),
or Archaic Greek letter Beta.

Elder Futhark letter *kauna

ᚲ

ᚲᚨᚢᚾᚨ

boil, sickness
k
IPA: /k/

Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Cé (C),
or Etruscan letter Ke (𐌂),
or Archaic Greek letter Gamma.

Elder Futhark letter *jara

ᛃ

ᛃᚨᚱᚨ

(good) year, harvest
j
IPA: /j/

Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Gé (G).

Elder Futhark letter *thurisar

ᚦ

ᚦᚢᚱᛁᛊᚨᚱ

giant
þ (th)
IPA: /θ/, /ð/

Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Dé (D),
or Etruscan letter De (𐌃),
or Archaic Greek letter Delta.

Elder Futhark letter *dagaz

ᛞ

ᛞᚨᚷᚨᛉ

day
d
IPA: /d/

Perhaps derived from a doublet of Classical Latin letter Dé (D),
or a doublet of Etruscan letter De (𐌃),
or a doublet of Archaic Greek letter Delta.

Elder Futhark letter *mannaz

ᛗ

ᛗᚨᚾᚾᚨᛉ

person
m
IPA: /m/

Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter É (E) graphically without inheriting its sound value,
or Etruscan letter E (𐌄) graphically without inheriting its sound value,
or Archaic Greek letter Ei graphically without inheriting its sound value.

Elder Futhark letter *fehu

ᚠ

ᚠᛖᚺᚢ

cattle, goods
f
IPA: /ɸ/, /f/

Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Ef (F),
or Etruscan letter Ve (𐌅),
or Archaic Greek letter Wau.

Elder Futhark letter *algiz

ᛉ

ᚨᛚᚷᛁᛉ

elk
z
IPA: /z/

Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter I Graeca (Y) graphically without inheriting its sound value,
or Etruscan letter U (𐌖) graphically without inheriting its sound value,
or Archaic Greek letter U graphically without inheriting its sound value.

Elder Futhark letter *ūruz

ᚢ

ᚢᚱᚢᛉ

aurochs
u
IPA: /u(ː)/

Likely derived from Classical Latin letter V́ (V).

Elder Futhark letter *iwaz

ᛇ

ᛇᚹᚨᛉ

yew-tree
ï (æ)
IPA: ?/æː/

Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter Zéta (Z) graphically without inheriting its sound value,
or Etruscan letter Ze (𐌆) graphically without inheriting its sound value,
or Archaic Greek letter Zeta graphically without inheriting its sound value.

Elder Futhark letter *hagalar

ᚺ

ᚺᚨᚷᚨᛚᚨᛉ

hail (precipitation)
h
IPA: /h/

Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Há (H),
or Archaic Greek letter Eta.

Elder Futhark letter *isaz

ᛁ

ᛁᛊᚨᛉ

ice
i
IPA: /i(ː)/

Likely derived from Classical Latin letter I (I),
or Etruscan letter I (𐌉),
or Archaic Greek letter Iota.

Elder Futhark letter *perthu

ᛈ

ᛈᛖᚱᚦᚢ

?fruit tree
p
IPA: /p/

Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter Ká (K) graphically without inheriting its sound value,
or Etruscan letter Ka (𐌊) graphically without inheriting its sound value,
or Archaic Greek letter Kappa graphically without inheriting its sound value.

Elder Futhark letter *laguz

ᛚ

ᛚᚨᚷᚢᛉ

water
l
IPA: /l/

Likely derived from Classical Latin letter El (L),
or Etruscan letter El (𐌋),
or Archaic Greek letter Lambda.

Elder Futhark letter *ehwaz

ᛖ

ᛖᚺᚹᚨᛉ

horse
e
IPA: /e(ː)/

Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter Em (M) graphically without inheriting its sound value.

Elder Futhark letter *nauðiz

ᚾ

ᚾᚨᚢᛞᛁᛉ

need, difficulty
n
IPA: /n/

Likely derived from Classical Latin letter En (N).

Elder Futhark letter *othila

ᛟ

ᛟᚦᛁᛚᚨ

inherited property
o
IPA: /o(ː)/

Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter Qú (Q) graphically without inheriting its sound value,
or Etruscan letter O (O),
or Archaic Greek letter Omega (Ω).

Elder Futhark letter *ingwaz

ᛜ

ᛁᛜᚹᚨᛉ

the god Freyr
ŋ (ng)
IPA: /ŋ/

Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter Ó (O) graphically without inheriting its sound value,
or Etruscan letter O (𐌏) graphically without inheriting its sound value,
or Archaic Greek letter Ou graphically without inheriting its sound value.

Elder Futhark letter *wunju

ᚹ

ᚹᚢᚾᛃᚢ

joy
w
IPA: /w/

Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter Pé (P) graphically without inheriting its sound value.

Elder Futhark letter *raiðu

ᚱ

ᚱᚨᛁᛞᛟ

journey, vehicle
r
IPA: /r/

Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Er (R).

Elder Futhark letter *sowilu

ᛊ

ᛊᛟᚹᛁᛚᚢ

sun
s
IPA: /s/

Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Es (S),
or Etruscan letter Es (𐌔),
or Archaic Greek letter Sigma.

Elder Futhark letter *tiwaz

ᛏ

ᛏᛁᚹᚨᛉ

the god Týr
t
IPA: /t/

Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Té (T),
or Etruscan letter Te (𐌕),
or Archaic Greek letter Tau.

Elder Futhark letter *geƀu

ᚷ

ᚷᛖᛒᚢ

gift
g
IPA: /g/

Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Ix (X),
or Etruscan letter Eks (𐌗),
or Archaic Greek letter Chi.

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Óss

ᚬ

ᚬᛋᛋ

god
ą
IPA: [ɑ̃], [o(ː)]

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *ansuz (ᚨ).

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Bjǫrk

ᛒ

ᛒᛁᚢᚱᚴ

birch tree
b, p
IPA: [b], [p]

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *berkana (ᛒ).

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Kaun

ᚴ

ᚴᛅᚢᚾ

ulcer
k, g, ŋ
IPA: /k/, /kʲ/, /tʃ/

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *kauna (ᚲ).

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Ár

ᛅ

ᛅᚱ

plenty
a
IPA: [a]

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *jara (ᛃ).

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Thurs

ᚦ

ᚦᚢᚱᛋ

giant
þ (th), ð
IPA: [θ], [ð]

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *thurisar (ᚦ).

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Fé

ᚠ

ᚠᛁ

wealth
f
IPA: [f]

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *fehu (ᚠ).

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Ýr

ᛦ

ᛦᚱ

yew tree
ʀ, y
IPA: [ɻ], [y]

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *algiz (ᛉ).

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Maðr

ᛘ

ᛘᛅᚦᚱ

man
m
IPA: [m]

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *algiz (ᛉ).

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Úr

ᚢ

ᚢᚱ

rain
u
IPA: [u], [ø], [y], [œ], [v], [w]

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *ūruz (ᚢ).

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Hagall

ᚼ

ᚼᛅᚴᛅᛚᛚ

hail (precipitation)
h
IPA: [h]

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *hagalaz (ᚺ).

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Íss

ᛁ

ᛁᛋᛋ

ice
i
IPA: [i(ː)]

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *isaz (ᛁ).

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Lǫgr

ᛚ

ᛚᚢᚴᚱ

sea
l
IPA: [l]

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *laguz (ᛚ).

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Nauðr

ᚾ

ᚾᛅᚢᚦᚱ

need
n
IPA: [n]

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *nauðiz (ᚾ).

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Reið

ᚱ

ᚱᛁᚦ

ride
r
IPA: /r/

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *raiðu (ᚱ).

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Sól

ᛋ

ᛋᚢᛚ

sun
s, z
IPA: [s], [z]

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *sowilu (ᛊ).

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Týr

ᛏ

ᛏᚢᚱ

The god Týr
t, d
IPA: /t/

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *tiwaz (ᛏ).

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ós

ᚩ

ᚩᛋ

The god Woden
o
IPA: /o(:)/

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *ansuz (ᚨ).

Old English rune poem:
Ós bẏþ ordfruma · ælcre spræce,
wisdomes wraþu · ond witena frofur
and eorla gehwam · eadnẏs and tohiht.

Modern English translation:
The ?mouth is the source of all language, a pillar of wisdom
and a comfort to wise men, a blessing and a joy to
every knight.

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ác

ᚪ

ᚪᚳ

oak tree
a
IPA: /ɑ(:)/

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *ansuz (ᚨ).

Old English rune poem:
Ac byþ on eorþan · elda bearnum
flæsces fodor, fereþ gelome
ofer ganotes bæþ; garsecg fandaþ
hƿæþ ac hæbbw · æþele treoƿe.

Modern English translation:
The oak fattens the flesh of swine for the children
of men. Often it traverses the gannet's bath, and
the ocean proves whether the oak keeps faith in
honourable fashion.

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Æsc

ᚫ

ᚫᛋᚳ

ash tree
æ
IPA: /æ(:)/

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *ansuz (ᚨ).

Old English rune poem:
Æsc biþ oferheah, eldum dyre
stiþ on staþule, stede rihte hylt,
ðeah him feohtan on · firas monige.

Modern English translation:
The ash is exceedingly high and precious to men.
With its sturdy trunk it offers a stubborn resistance,
though attacked by many a man.

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Beorc

ᛒ

ᛒᛖᚩᚱᚳ

birch tree
b
IPA: /b/

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *berkana (ᛒ).

Old English rune poem:
Beorc bẏþ bleda leas, bereþ efne sƿa ðeah
tanas butan tudder, biþ on telgum ƿlitig,
heah on helme · hrẏsted fægere,
geloden leafum, lẏfte getenge.

Modern English translation:
The birch has no fruit; yet without seed it brings
forth suckers, for it is generated from its leaves.
Splendid are its branches and glorious adorned its
lofty crown which reaches to the skies.

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Cen

ᚳ

ᚳᛖᚾ

torch
c
IPA: /k/, /kʲ/, /tʃ/

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *kauna (ᚲ).

Old English rune poem:
Cen bẏþ cƿicera gehƿam, cuþ on fẏre
blac ond beorhtlic, bẏrneþ oftust
ðær hi æþelingas · inne restaþ.

Modern English translation:
The torch is known to every living man by its pale,
bright flame; it always burns where princes sit
within.

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Gær

ᛄ

ᛄᚫᚱ

year
j
IPA: /j/

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *jara (ᛃ).

Old English rune poem:
Ger byþ hiht, ðonne God læteþ,
halig heofones cyning, hrusan syllan
beorthte bleda · beornum ond ðearfum.

Modern English translation:
Summer is a joy to men, when God, the holy King of
Heaven, suffers the earth to bring forth shining fruits
for rich and poor alike.

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Iar

ᛡ

ᛡᚫᚱ

?eel
io
IPA: /i(:)o/?

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *jara (ᛃ).

Old English rune poem:
Iar byþ eafix · and ðeah a bruceþ
fodres on foldan, hafaþ fægerne eard
wætre beƿorpen, ðær he ƿynnum leofaþ.

Modern English translation:
The ?eel is a river fish and yet it always feeds on land;
it has a fair abode encompassed by water, where it
lives inb happiness.

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ðorn

ᚦ

ᚦᚩᚱᚾ

thorn
þ (th)
IPA: /θ/, [ð]

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *thurisar (ᚦ).

Old English rune poem:
Ðorn bẏþ ðearle scearp; ðegna gehƿẏlcum
anfeng ẏs ẏfẏl, ungemetum reþe
manna gehƿẏlcun, ðe him mid resteð.

Modern English translation:
The thorn is exceedingly sharp, an evil thing for any
knight to touch, uncommonly severe on all who sit
among them.

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Dæg

ᛞ

ᛞᚫᚷ

day
d
IPA: /d/

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *dagaz (ᛞ).

Old English rune poem:
Dæg bẏþ drihtnes sond, deore mannum,
mære metodes leoht, mẏrgþ and tohiht
eadgum and earmum, eallum brice.

Modern English translation:
Day, the glorious light of the Creator, is sent by the
Lord; it is beloved of men, a source of hope and
happiness to rich and poor, and of service to
all.

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Man

ᛗ

ᛗᚪᚾ

man
m
IPA: /m/

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *mannaz (ᛗ).

Old English rune poem:
Man bẏþ on mẏrgþe · his magan leof:
sceal þeah anra gehƿẏlc · oðrum sƿican,
forðum drẏhten ƿẏle · dome sine
þæt earme flæsc · eorþan betæcan.

Modern English translation:
The joyous man is dear to his kinsmen; yet every
man is doomed to fail his fellow, since the Lord
by his decree will commit the vile carrion to the
earth.

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Feoh

ᚠ

ᚠᛖᚩᚻ

wealth, cattle
f
IPA: /f/, [v]

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *fehu (ᚠ).

Old English rune poem:
Feoh bẏþ frofur · fira gehƿẏlcum;
sceal ðeah manna gehƿẏlc · miclun hẏt dælan
gif he ƿile for drihtne · domes hleotan.

Modern English translation:
Wealth is a comfort to all men; yet must every man
bestow it freely, if he wish to gain honour in the
sight of the Lord.

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Eolh

ᛉ

ᛖᚩᛚᚻ

?elk
x
IPA: -
Used to transliterate the Latin letter 'X' into runes

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *algiz (ᛉ).

Old English rune poem:
Eolh-secg eard hæfþ · oftust on fenne
ƿexeð on ƿature, ƿundaþ grimme,
blode breneð · beorna gehƿẏlcne
ðe him ænigne · onfeng gedeþ.

Modern English translation:
The ?elk-sedge mostly to be fouind in a marsh; it
grows in the water and makes a ghastly wound,
covering with blood every warrior who touches it.

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Úr

ᚢ

ᚢᚱ

aurochs
u
IPA: /u(ː)/

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *ūruz (ᚢ).

Old English rune poem:
Ur bẏþ anmod · ond oferhẏrned,
felafrecne deor, feohteþ mid hornum
mære morstapa; þæt is modig ƿuht.

Modern English translation:
The aurochs is proud and has great horns; it is a very
savage beast and fights with its horns; a great ranger
of the moors, it is a creature of mettle.

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ýr

ᚣ

ᚣᚱ

?bow
y
IPA: /y(ː)/

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *ūruz (ᚢ).

Old English rune poem:
Ýr byþ æþelinga · and eorla gehƿæs
ƿyn and ƿyrþmynd, byþ on ƿiege fæger,
fæstlic on færelde, fyrdgeateƿa sum.

Modern English translation:
? is a source of joy and honour to every prince
and knight; it looks well on a horse and is a reliable
equipment for a journey.

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Éoh

ᛇ

ᛇᚩᚻ

yew
ï
IPA: /i(:)/ [x], [ç]

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *iwaz (ᛇ).

Old English rune poem:
Eoh bẏþ utan · unsmeþe treoƿ,
heard hrusan fæst, hẏrde fẏres,
ƿẏrtrumun underƿreþẏd, ƿẏn on eþle.

Modern English translation:
The yew is a tree with rough bark, hard and fast in
the earth, supported by its roots, a guardian of flame
and a joy on native land.

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Hægl

ᚻ

ᚻᚫᚷᛚ

hail (precipitation)
h
IPA: /h/, [x], [ç]

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *hagalaz (ᚺ).

Old English rune poem:
Hægl bẏþ hƿitust corna; hƿẏrft hit of heofones lẏfte,
ƿealcaþ hit ƿindes scura; ƿeorþeþ hit to ƿætere
sẏððan.

Modern English translation:
Hail is the whitest of grain; it is whirled from the
vault of heaven and is tossed about by gusts of wind
and then it melts into water.

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ís

ᛁ

ᛁᛊ

ice
i
IPA: /i(ː)/

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *isaz (ᛁ).

Old English rune poem:
Is bẏþ oferceald, ungemetum slidor,
glisnaþ glæshluttur · gimmum gelicust,
flor forste geƿoruht, fæger ansẏne.

Modern English translation:
Ice is very cold and immeasurably slippery; it glistens
as clear as glass and most like to gems; it is a floor
wrought by the frost, fair to look upon.

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Peorð

ᛈ

ᛈᛖᚩᚱᚦ

?
p
IPA: /p/

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *perthu (ᛈ).

Old English rune poem:
Peorð bẏþ sẏmble · plega and hlehter
ƿlancum [on middum], ðar ƿigan sittaþ
on beorsele · bliþe ætsomne.

Modern English translation:
The ?chessman is a source of recreation and amusement
to the great, where warriors sit blithely together
in the banquesting-hall.

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Lagu

ᛚ

ᛚᚪᚷᚢ

body of water (lake)
l
IPA: /l/

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *laguz (ᛚ).

Old English rune poem:
Lagu bẏþ leodum · langsum geþuht,
gif hi sculun neþan · on nacan tealtum
and hi sæẏþa sƿẏþe · bregaþ
and se brimhengest · bridles ne gẏm[eð].

Modern English translation:
The ocean seems interminable to men, if they venture
on the rolling bark and the waves of the sea terrify
them and the stallion of the deep heed not its
bridle.

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Eh

ᛖ

ᛖᚻ

steed
e
IPA: /e(ː)/

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *ehwaz (ᛖ).

Old English rune poem:
Eh bẏþ for eorlum · æþelinga ƿẏn,
hors hofum ƿlanc, ðær him hæleþ ẏmb[e]
ƿelege on ƿicgum · ƿrixlaþ spræce
and biþ unstẏllum · æfre frofur.

Modern English translation:
The horse is a joy to princes in the presence of
warriors, a steed in the pride of its hoofs, when
rich men on horseback bandy words about it; and
it is ever a source of comfort to the restless.

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Nýd

ᚾ

ᚾᚣᛞ

need, trouble
n
IPA: /n/

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *nauðiz (ᚾ).

Old English rune poem:
Nẏd bẏþ nearu on breostan; ƿeorþeþ hi þeah oft
niþa bearnum
to helpe and to hæle gehƿæþre, gif hi his
hlẏstaþ æror.

Modern English translation:
Trouble is oppressive to the heart; yet often it proves
a source of help and salvation to the children of men,
to everyone who heeds it betimes.

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ēthel

ᛟ

ᛟᚦᛖᛚ

inherited land, native country
œ
IPA: /ø(:)/

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *othila (ᛟ).

Old English rune poem:
Eþel bẏþ oferleof · æghƿẏlcum men,
gif he mot ðær rihtes · and gerẏsena on
brucan on bolde · bleadum oftast.

Modern English translation:
An estate is very dear to every man, if he can enjoys
there in his house whatever is right and proper input
constant prosperity.

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ing

ᛝ

ᛁᛝ

Ing (Ingui-Frea?)
ŋ (ng)
IPA: /ŋɡ/, /ŋ/

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *ingwaz (ᛜ).

Old English rune poem:
Ing ƿæs ærest · mid Eást-Denum
geseƿen secgum, oð he síððan est
ofer ƿæg geƿát; ƿæn æfter ran;
þus Heardingas · þone hæle nemdon.

Modern English translation:
Ing was first seen by ben among the East-Danes, till,
followed by his car, he departed eastwards over the
waves. So the Heardingas named the hero.

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Wynn

ᚹ

ᚹᛖᚾᚾᛖ

joy
w
IPA: /w/

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *wunju (ᚹ).

Old English rune poem:
Ƿenne brūceþ, þe can ƿēana lẏtable
sāres and sorge · and him sẏlfa hæfþ
blǣd and blẏsse · and eac bẏrga geniht.

Modern English translation:
Bliss he enjoys who knows not suffering, sorrow nor
anxiety, and has prosperity and happiness and a good
enough house.

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Rád

ᚱ

ᚱᚪᛞ

journey, vehicle
r
IPA: /r/

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *raiðu (ᚱ).

Old English rune poem:
Rad bẏþ on recẏde · rinca gehƿẏlcum
sefte ond sƿiþhƿæt, ðamðe sitteþ on ufan
meare mægenheardum · ofer milpaþas.

Modern English translation:
?Riding seems easy to every warrior while he is indoors
and very courageous to him who traverses the high-
roads on the back of a stout horse.

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Sigel

ᛋ

ᛋᛁᚷᛖᛚ

sun
s
IPA: /s/, [z]

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *sowilu (ᛊ).

Old English rune poem:
Sigel semannum · sẏmble biþ on hihte,
ðonne hi hine feriaþ · ofer fisces beþ,
oþ hi brimhengest · bringeþ to lande.

Modern English translation:
The sun is ever a joy in the hopes
of seafarers when they journey away over the fishes'
bath, until the courser of the deep bears them to land.

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Tír

ᛏ

ᛏᛁᚱ

?
t
IPA: /t/

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *tiwaz (ᛏ).

Old English rune poem:
Tir biþ tacna sum, healdeð trẏƿa ƿel
ƿiþ æþelingas; a biþ on færylde
ofer nihta genipu, næfre sƿiceþ.

Modern English translation:
? is a (guiding) star; well does it keep faith
with princes; it is ever on its course over the mists
of night and never fails.

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Gyfu

ᚷ

ᚷᚣᚠᚢ

gift
g
IPA: /ɡ/, [ɣ] , /j/

Derived from Elder Futhark letter *geƀu (ᚷ).

Old English rune poem:
Gẏfu gumena bẏþ · gleng and herenẏs,
ƿraþu and ƿẏrþscẏpe · and ƿræcna gehƿam
ar and ætƿist, ðe bẏþ oþra leas.

Modern English translation:
Generosity brings credit and honour, which support
one's dignity; it furnishes help and subsistence to all
broken men who are devoid of aught else.