Younger Futhark

Abecedary^1-5

Long-branch Runes

(Danish)

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Fé

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Úr

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Thurs

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Óss

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Reið

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Kaun

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Hagall

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Nauðr

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Íss

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Ár

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Sól

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Týr

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Bjǫrk

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Maðr

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Lǫgr

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Ýr

Long-branch runes were developed in Denmark during the 8th century CE.
These were likely used to write on stone.

Short-twig Runes

(Swedish-Norwegian)

Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Fé

Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Úr

Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Thurs

Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Óss

Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Reið

Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Kaun

Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Hagall

Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Nauðr

Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Íss

Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Ár

Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Sól

Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Týr

Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Bjǫrk

Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Maðr

Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Lǫgr

Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Ýr

Short-twig (Rök) runes were developed from long-branch runes.
These runes were used in southern Sweden and Norway during the 9th century CE.
These were likely used to write on wood.

Staveless Runes

(Swedish)

Staveless Younger Futhark letter Faͤ

Staveless Younger Futhark letter Ŭr

Staveless Younger Futhark letter Tors

Staveless Younger Futhark letter Ridher

Staveless Younger Futhark letter Koͤn

Staveless Younger Futhark letter Hagaller

Staveless Younger Futhark letter Noͤdh

Staveless Younger Futhark letter Īs

Staveless Younger Futhark letter År

Staveless Younger Futhark letter Sōl

Staveless Younger Futhark letter Tȳr

Staveless Younger Futhark letter Bioͤrka

Staveless Younger Futhark letter Maðr

Staveless Younger Futhark letter Lagh

Staveless Younger Futhark letter Ýr

Staveless runes were developed from short-twig runes.
These runes were used in Hälsingland, Sweden during the early 11th century CE.

Norwegian Futhark

Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Fé

Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Úr

Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Thurs

Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Óss

Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Reið

Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Kaun

Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Hagall

Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Nauðr

Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Íss

Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Ár

Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Sól

Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Týr

Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Bjǫrk

Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Maðr

Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Lǫgr

Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Ýr

Norwegian Younger Futhark were a mixture of long-branch runes and short-twig runes.
These runes were used in Norway during the 11th century CE.

Ligatures¹

Bind runes are ligatures of 2 or more runes.

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Hagall

Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Bjǫrk

Long-branch Younger Futhark bind rune HB

Writing Script		Head of ox	House plan	Throw stick		Nile tilapia		Man with arms raised		Pear shaped mace		Two diagonal strokes	Plan of rectangular enclosure	Heart and trachea	Arm with downward facing palm	Hand	Crook	Water ripple	Cobra	Reed column		Eye	Mouth	Rush with shoots	Cord on stick	Head	Bow	Crossed sticks
Egyptian Hieroglyphs	Logography 32 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 𓃾 Head of Ox Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ka	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 𓉐 House plan Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 𓌙 Throw stick Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: qema Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/ Conventional Anglicisation: aam		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 𓆛 Bulti fish Phonogram in for: int “bulti”		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 𓀠 Man with arms raised Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 𓌉 Pear shaped mace Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 𓏭 Two diagonal strokes Determinative for duality	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6 𓉗 Plan of rectangular enclosure Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 𓄤 Heart and windpipe Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 𓂣 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 𓂧 Hand Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 𓋿 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 𓈖 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 𓆓 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 𓊽 Reed column Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/ Conventional Anglicisation: djed		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 𓁹 Eye Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 𓂋 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 𓇑 Rush with roots Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 𓎗 Cord on stick Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wedj	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 𓁶 Head Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a 𓌓 Bow Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 𓏴 Crossed sticks Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”
Elder Futhark (Parent)	Alphabet 1 c. CE - 8 c. CE	Elder Futhark letter ansuz × Elder Futhark letter ansuz ᚨ ᚨᚾᛊᚢᛉ god a IPA: /a(ː)/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Á (A), or Etruscan letter A (𐌀), or Archaic Greek letter Alpha.	Elder Futhark letter berkana × Elder Futhark letter berkana ᛒ ᛒᛖᚱᚲᚨᚾᚨ birch twig b IPA: /b/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Bé (B), or Etruscan letter Be (𐌁), or Archaic Greek letter Beta.	Elder Futhark letter kauna × Elder Futhark letter kauna ᚲ ᚲᚨᚢᚾᚨ boil, sickness k IPA: /k/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Cé (C), or Etruscan letter Ke (𐌂), or Archaic Greek letter Gamma.	Elder Futhark letter jara × Elder Futhark letter jara ᛃ ᛃᚨᚱᚨ (good) year, harvest j IPA: /j/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Gé (G).	Elder Futhark letter thurisar × Elder Futhark letter thurisar ᚦ ᚦᚢᚱᛁᛊᚨᚱ giant þ (th) IPA: /θ/, /ð/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Dé (D), or Etruscan letter De (𐌃), or Archaic Greek letter Delta.	Elder Futhark letter dagaz × Elder Futhark letter dagaz ᛞ ᛞᚨᚷᚨᛉ day d IPA: /d/ Perhaps derived from a doublet of Classical Latin letter Dé (D), or a doublet of Etruscan letter De (𐌃), or a doublet of Archaic Greek letter Delta.	Elder Futhark letter mannaz × Elder Futhark letter mannaz ᛗ ᛗᚨᚾᚾᚨᛉ person m IPA: /m/ Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter É (E) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Etruscan letter E (𐌄) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Archaic Greek letter Ei graphically without inheriting its sound value.	Elder Futhark letter fehu × Elder Futhark letter fehu ᚠ ᚠᛖᚺᚢ cattle, goods f IPA: /ɸ/, /f/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Ef (F), or Etruscan letter Ve (𐌅), or Archaic Greek letter Wau.	Elder Futhark letter algiz × Elder Futhark letter algiz ᛉ ᚨᛚᚷᛁᛉ elk z IPA: /z/ Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter I Graeca (Y) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Etruscan letter U (𐌖) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Archaic Greek letter U graphically without inheriting its sound value.	Elder Futhark letter ūruz × Elder Futhark letter ūruz ᚢ ᚢᚱᚢᛉ aurochs u IPA: /u(ː)/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter V́ (V).	Elder Futhark letter iwaz × Elder Futhark letter iwaz ᛇ ᛇᚹᚨᛉ yew-tree ï (æ) IPA: ?/æː/ Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter Zéta (Z) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Etruscan letter Ze (𐌆) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Archaic Greek letter Zeta graphically without inheriting its sound value.	Elder Futhark letter hagalaz × Elder Futhark letter hagalar ᚺ ᚺᚨᚷᚨᛚᚨᛉ hail (precipitation) h IPA: /h/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Há (H), or Archaic Greek letter Eta.		Elder Futhark letter isaz × Elder Futhark letter isaz ᛁ ᛁᛊᚨᛉ ice i IPA: /i(ː)/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter I (I), or Etruscan letter I (𐌉), or Archaic Greek letter Iota.	Elder Futhark letter perthu × Elder Futhark letter perthu ᛈ ᛈᛖᚱᚦᚢ ?fruit tree p IPA: /p/ Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter Ká (K) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Etruscan letter Ka (𐌊) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Archaic Greek letter Kappa graphically without inheriting its sound value.	Elder Futhark letter laguz × Elder Futhark letter laguz ᛚ ᛚᚨᚷᚢᛉ water l IPA: /l/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter El (L), or Etruscan letter El (𐌋), or Archaic Greek letter Lambda.	Elder Futhark letter ehwaz × Elder Futhark letter ehwaz ᛖ ᛖᚺᚹᚨᛉ horse e IPA: /e(ː)/ Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter Em (M) graphically without inheriting its sound value.	Elder Futhark letter nauðiz × Elder Futhark letter nauðiz ᚾ ᚾᚨᚢᛞᛁᛉ need, difficulty n IPA: /n/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter En (N).		Elder Futhark letter othila × Elder Futhark letter othila ᛟ ᛟᚦᛁᛚᚨ inherited property o IPA: /o(ː)/ Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter Qú (Q) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Etruscan letter O (O), or Archaic Greek letter Omega (Ω).	Elder Futhark letter ingwaz × Elder Futhark letter ingwaz ᛜ ᛁᛜᚹᚨᛉ the god Freyr ŋ (ng) IPA: /ŋ/ Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter Ó (O) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Etruscan letter O (𐌏) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Archaic Greek letter Ou graphically without inheriting its sound value.	Elder Futhark letter wunju × Elder Futhark letter wunju ᚹ ᚹᚢᚾᛃᚢ joy w IPA: /w/ Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter Pé (P) graphically without inheriting its sound value.			Elder Futhark letter raiðu × Elder Futhark letter raiðu ᚱ ᚱᚨᛁᛞᛟ journey, vehicle r IPA: /r/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Er (R).	Elder Futhark letter sowilu × Elder Futhark letter sowilu ᛊ ᛊᛟᚹᛁᛚᚢ sun s IPA: /s/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Es (S), or Etruscan letter Es (𐌔), or Archaic Greek letter Sigma.	Elder Futhark letter tiwaz × Elder Futhark letter tiwaz ᛏ ᛏᛁᚹᚨᛉ the god Týr t IPA: /t/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Té (T), or Etruscan letter Te (𐌕), or Archaic Greek letter Tau.	Elder Futhark letter geƀu × Elder Futhark letter geƀu ᚷ ᚷᛖᛒᚢ gift g IPA: /g/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Ix (X), or Etruscan letter Eks (𐌗), or Archaic Greek letter Chi.
Anglo-Frisian Futhorc (Sibling)	Alphabet 5 c. CE - 11 c. CE	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ós × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ós ᚩ ᚩᛋ The god Woden o IPA: /o(:)/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter ansuz (ᚨ). Old English rune poem: Ós bẏþ ordfruma · ælcre spræce, wisdomes wraþu · ond witena frofur and eorla gehwam · eadnẏs and tohiht. Modern English translation: The ?mouth is the source of all language, a pillar of wisdom and a comfort to wise men, a blessing and a joy to every knight. Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ác × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ác ᚪ ᚪᚳ oak tree a IPA: /ɑ(:)/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter ansuz (ᚨ). Old English rune poem: Ac byþ on eorþan · elda bearnum flæsces fodor, fereþ gelome ofer ganotes bæþ; garsecg fandaþ hƿæþ ac hæbbw · æþele treoƿe. Modern English translation: The oak fattens the flesh of swine for the children of men. Often it traverses the gannet's bath, and the ocean proves whether the oak keeps faith in honourable fashion. Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Æsc × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Æsc ᚫ ᚫᛋᚳ ash tree æ IPA: /æ(:)/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *ansuz (ᚨ). Old English rune poem: Æsc biþ oferheah, eldum dyre stiþ on staþule, stede rihte hylt, ðeah him feohtan on · firas monige. Modern English translation: The ash is exceedingly high and precious to men. With its sturdy trunk it offers a stubborn resistance, though attacked by many a man.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Beorc × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Beorc ᛒ ᛒᛖᚩᚱᚳ birch tree b IPA: /b/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *berkana (ᛒ). Old English rune poem: Beorc bẏþ bleda leas, bereþ efne sƿa ðeah tanas butan tudder, biþ on telgum ƿlitig, heah on helme · hrẏsted fægere, geloden leafum, lẏfte getenge. Modern English translation: The birch has no fruit; yet without seed it brings forth suckers, for it is generated from its leaves. Splendid are its branches and glorious adorned its lofty crown which reaches to the skies.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Cen × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Cen ᚳ ᚳᛖᚾ torch c IPA: /k/, /kʲ/, /tʃ/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *kauna (ᚲ). Old English rune poem: Cen bẏþ cƿicera gehƿam, cuþ on fẏre blac ond beorhtlic, bẏrneþ oftust ðær hi æþelingas · inne restaþ. Modern English translation: The torch is known to every living man by its pale, bright flame; it always burns where princes sit within.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Gær × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Gær ᛄ ᛄᚫᚱ year j IPA: /j/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter jara (ᛃ). Old English rune poem: Ger byþ hiht, ðonne God læteþ, halig heofones cyning, hrusan syllan beorthte bleda · beornum ond ðearfum. Modern English translation: Summer is a joy to men, when God, the holy King of Heaven, suffers the earth to bring forth shining fruits for rich and poor alike. Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Iar × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Iar ᛡ ᛡᚫᚱ ?eel io IPA: /i(:)o/? Derived from Elder Futhark letter jara (ᛃ). Old English rune poem: Iar byþ eafix · and ðeah a bruceþ fodres on foldan, hafaþ fægerne eard wætre beƿorpen, ðær he ƿynnum leofaþ. Modern English translation: The ?eel is a river fish and yet it always feeds on land; it has a fair abode encompassed by water, where it lives inb happiness.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ðorn × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ðorn ᚦ ᚦᚩᚱᚾ thorn þ (th) IPA: /θ/, [ð] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *thurisar (ᚦ). Old English rune poem: Ðorn bẏþ ðearle scearp; ðegna gehƿẏlcum anfeng ẏs ẏfẏl, ungemetum reþe manna gehƿẏlcun, ðe him mid resteð. Modern English translation: The thorn is exceedingly sharp, an evil thing for any knight to touch, uncommonly severe on all who sit among them.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Dæg × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Dæg ᛞ ᛞᚫᚷ day d IPA: /d/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *dagaz (ᛞ). Old English rune poem: Dæg bẏþ drihtnes sond, deore mannum, mære metodes leoht, mẏrgþ and tohiht eadgum and earmum, eallum brice. Modern English translation: Day, the glorious light of the Creator, is sent by the Lord; it is beloved of men, a source of hope and happiness to rich and poor, and of service to all.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Man × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Man ᛗ ᛗᚪᚾ man m IPA: /m/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *mannaz (ᛗ). Old English rune poem: Man bẏþ on mẏrgþe · his magan leof: sceal þeah anra gehƿẏlc · oðrum sƿican, forðum drẏhten ƿẏle · dome sine þæt earme flæsc · eorþan betæcan. Modern English translation: The joyous man is dear to his kinsmen; yet every man is doomed to fail his fellow, since the Lord by his decree will commit the vile carrion to the earth.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Feoh × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Feoh ᚠ ᚠᛖᚩᚻ wealth, cattle f IPA: /f/, [v] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *fehu (ᚠ). Old English rune poem: Feoh bẏþ frofur · fira gehƿẏlcum; sceal ðeah manna gehƿẏlc · miclun hẏt dælan gif he ƿile for drihtne · domes hleotan. Modern English translation: Wealth is a comfort to all men; yet must every man bestow it freely, if he wish to gain honour in the sight of the Lord.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Eolh × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Eolh ᛉ ᛖᚩᛚᚻ ?elk x IPA: - Used to transliterate the Latin letter 'X' into runes Derived from Elder Futhark letter *algiz (ᛉ). Old English rune poem: Eolh-secg eard hæfþ · oftust on fenne ƿexeð on ƿature, ƿundaþ grimme, blode breneð · beorna gehƿẏlcne ðe him ænigne · onfeng gedeþ. Modern English translation: The ?elk-sedge mostly to be fouind in a marsh; it grows in the water and makes a ghastly wound, covering with blood every warrior who touches it.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Úr × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Úr ᚢ ᚢᚱ aurochs u IPA: /u(ː)/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter ūruz (ᚢ). Old English rune poem: Ur bẏþ anmod · ond oferhẏrned, felafrecne deor, feohteþ mid hornum mære morstapa; þæt is modig ƿuht. Modern English translation: The aurochs is proud and has great horns; it is a very savage beast and fights with its horns; a great ranger of the moors, it is a creature of mettle. Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ýr × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ýr ᚣ ᚣᚱ ?bow y IPA: /y(ː)/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter ūruz (ᚢ). Old English rune poem: Ýr byþ æþelinga · and eorla gehƿæs ƿyn and ƿyrþmynd, byþ on ƿiege fæger, fæstlic on færelde, fyrdgeateƿa sum. Modern English translation: ? is a source of joy and honour to every prince and knight; it looks well on a horse and is a reliable equipment for a journey.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Éoh × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Éoh ᛇ ᛇᚩᚻ yew ï IPA: /i(:)/ [x], [ç] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *iwaz (ᛇ). Old English rune poem: Eoh bẏþ utan · unsmeþe treoƿ, heard hrusan fæst, hẏrde fẏres, ƿẏrtrumun underƿreþẏd, ƿẏn on eþle. Modern English translation: The yew is a tree with rough bark, hard and fast in the earth, supported by its roots, a guardian of flame and a joy on native land.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Hægl × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Hægl ᚻ ᚻᚫᚷᛚ hail (precipitation) h IPA: /h/, [x], [ç] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *hagalaz (ᚺ). Old English rune poem: Hægl bẏþ hƿitust corna; hƿẏrft hit of heofones lẏfte, ƿealcaþ hit ƿindes scura; ƿeorþeþ hit to ƿætere sẏððan. Modern English translation: Hail is the whitest of grain; it is whirled from the vault of heaven and is tossed about by gusts of wind and then it melts into water.		Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ís × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ís ᛁ ᛁᛊ ice i IPA: /i(ː)/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *isaz (ᛁ). Old English rune poem: Is bẏþ oferceald, ungemetum slidor, glisnaþ glæshluttur · gimmum gelicust, flor forste geƿoruht, fæger ansẏne. Modern English translation: Ice is very cold and immeasurably slippery; it glistens as clear as glass and most like to gems; it is a floor wrought by the frost, fair to look upon.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Peorð × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Peorð ᛈ ᛈᛖᚩᚱᚦ ? p IPA: /p/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *perthu (ᛈ). Old English rune poem: Peorð bẏþ sẏmble · plega and hlehter ƿlancum [on middum], ðar ƿigan sittaþ on beorsele · bliþe ætsomne. Modern English translation: The ?chessman is a source of recreation and amusement to the great, where warriors sit blithely together in the banquesting-hall.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Lagu × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Lagu ᛚ ᛚᚪᚷᚢ body of water (lake) l IPA: /l/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *laguz (ᛚ). Old English rune poem: Lagu bẏþ leodum · langsum geþuht, gif hi sculun neþan · on nacan tealtum and hi sæẏþa sƿẏþe · bregaþ and se brimhengest · bridles ne gẏm[eð]. Modern English translation: The ocean seems interminable to men, if they venture on the rolling bark and the waves of the sea terrify them and the stallion of the deep heed not its bridle.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Eh × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Eh ᛖ ᛖᚻ steed e IPA: /e(ː)/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *ehwaz (ᛖ). Old English rune poem: Eh bẏþ for eorlum · æþelinga ƿẏn, hors hofum ƿlanc, ðær him hæleþ ẏmb[e] ƿelege on ƿicgum · ƿrixlaþ spræce and biþ unstẏllum · æfre frofur. Modern English translation: The horse is a joy to princes in the presence of warriors, a steed in the pride of its hoofs, when rich men on horseback bandy words about it; and it is ever a source of comfort to the restless.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Nýd × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Nýd ᚾ ᚾᚣᛞ need, trouble n IPA: /n/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *nauðiz (ᚾ). Old English rune poem: Nẏd bẏþ nearu on breostan; ƿeorþeþ hi þeah oft niþa bearnum to helpe and to hæle gehƿæþre, gif hi his hlẏstaþ æror. Modern English translation: Trouble is oppressive to the heart; yet often it proves a source of help and salvation to the children of men, to everyone who heeds it betimes.		Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ēthel × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ēthel ᛟ ᛟᚦᛖᛚ inherited land, native country œ IPA: /ø(:)/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *othila (ᛟ). Old English rune poem: Eþel bẏþ oferleof · æghƿẏlcum men, gif he mot ðær rihtes · and gerẏsena on brucan on bolde · bleadum oftast. Modern English translation: An estate is very dear to every man, if he can enjoys there in his house whatever is right and proper input constant prosperity.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ing × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ing ᛝ ᛁᛝ Ing (Ingui-Frea?) ŋ (ng) IPA: /ŋɡ/, /ŋ/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *ingwaz (ᛜ). Old English rune poem: Ing ƿæs ærest · mid Eást-Denum geseƿen secgum, oð he síððan est ofer ƿæg geƿát; ƿæn æfter ran; þus Heardingas · þone hæle nemdon. Modern English translation: Ing was first seen by ben among the East-Danes, till, followed by his car, he departed eastwards over the waves. So the Heardingas named the hero.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Wynn × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Wynn ᚹ ᚹᛖᚾᚾᛖ joy w IPA: /w/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *wunju (ᚹ). Old English rune poem: Ƿenne brūceþ, þe can ƿēana lẏtable sāres and sorge · and him sẏlfa hæfþ blǣd and blẏsse · and eac bẏrga geniht. Modern English translation: Bliss he enjoys who knows not suffering, sorrow nor anxiety, and has prosperity and happiness and a good enough house.			Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Rád × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Rád ᚱ ᚱᚪᛞ journey, vehicle r IPA: /r/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *raiðu (ᚱ). Old English rune poem: Rad bẏþ on recẏde · rinca gehƿẏlcum sefte ond sƿiþhƿæt, ðamðe sitteþ on ufan meare mægenheardum · ofer milpaþas. Modern English translation: ?Riding seems easy to every warrior while he is indoors and very courageous to him who traverses the high- roads on the back of a stout horse.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Sigel × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Sigel ᛋ ᛋᛁᚷᛖᛚ sun s IPA: /s/, [z] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *sowilu (ᛊ). Old English rune poem: Sigel semannum · sẏmble biþ on hihte, ðonne hi hine feriaþ · ofer fisces beþ, oþ hi brimhengest · bringeþ to lande. Modern English translation: The sun is ever a joy in the hopes of seafarers when they journey away over the fishes' bath, until the courser of the deep bears them to land.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Tír × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Tír ᛏ ᛏᛁᚱ ? t IPA: /t/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *tiwaz (ᛏ). Old English rune poem: Tir biþ tacna sum, healdeð trẏƿa ƿel ƿiþ æþelingas; a biþ on færylde ofer nihta genipu, næfre sƿiceþ. Modern English translation: ? is a (guiding) star; well does it keep faith with princes; it is ever on its course over the mists of night and never fails.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Gyfu × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Gyfu ᚷ ᚷᚣᚠᚢ gift g IPA: /ɡ/, [ɣ] , /j/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *geƀu (ᚷ). Old English rune poem: Gẏfu gumena bẏþ · gleng and herenẏs, ƿraþu and ƿẏrþscẏpe · and ƿræcna gehƿam ar and ætƿist, ðe bẏþ oþra leas. Modern English translation: Generosity brings credit and honour, which support one's dignity; it furnishes help and subsistence to all broken men who are devoid of aught else.
Long-branch Younger Futhark	Alphabet c. 8 c. CE	Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Óss × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Óss ᚬ ᚬᛋᛋ god ą IPA: [ɑ̃], [o(ː)] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *ansuz (ᚨ).	Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Bjǫrk × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Bjǫrk ᛒ ᛒᛁᚢᚱᚴ birch tree b, p IPA: [b], [p] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *berkana (ᛒ).	Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Kaun × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Kaun ᚴ ᚴᛅᚢᚾ ulcer k, g, ŋ IPA: /k/, /kʲ/, /tʃ/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *kauna (ᚲ).	Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Ár × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Ár ᛅ ᛅᚱ plenty a IPA: [a] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *jara (ᛃ).	Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Thurs × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Thurs ᚦ ᚦᚢᚱᛋ giant þ (th), ð IPA: [θ], [ð] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *thurisar (ᚦ).			Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Fé × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Fé ᚠ ᚠᛁ wealth f IPA: [f] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *fehu (ᚠ).	Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Ýr × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Ýr ᛦ ᛦᚱ yew tree ʀ, y IPA: [ɻ], [y] Derived from Elder Futhark letter algiz (ᛉ). Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Maðr × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Maðr ᛘ ᛘᛅᚦᚱ man m IPA: [m] Derived from Elder Futhark letter algiz (ᛉ).	Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Úr × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Úr ᚢ ᚢᚱ rain u IPA: [u], [ø], [y], [œ], [v], [w] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *ūruz (ᚢ).		Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Hagall × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Hagall ᚼ ᚼᛅᚴᛅᛚᛚ hail (precipitation) h IPA: [h] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *hagalaz (ᚺ).		Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Íss × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Íss ᛁ ᛁᛋᛋ ice i IPA: [i(ː)] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *isaz (ᛁ).		Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Lǫgr × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Lǫgr ᛚ ᛚᚢᚴᚱ sea l IPA: [l] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *laguz (ᛚ).		Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Nauðr × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Nauðr ᚾ ᚾᛅᚢᚦᚱ need n IPA: [n] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *nauðiz (ᚾ).							Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Reið × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Reið ᚱ ᚱᛁᚦ ride r IPA: /r/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *raiðu (ᚱ).	Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Sól × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Sól ᛋ ᛋᚢᛚ sun s, z IPA: [s], [z] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *sowilu (ᛊ).	Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Týr × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Týr ᛏ ᛏᚢᚱ The god Týr t, d IPA: /t/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *tiwaz (ᛏ).
Short-twig Younger Futhark	Alphabet 9 c. CE - 11 c. CE	Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Óss × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Óss ᚭ ᚭᛌᛌ god ą IPA: [ɑ̃], [o(ː)] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Óss (ᚬ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Óss er flæstra færða fǫr; en skalpr er sværða. English translation: Estuary is the way of most journeys; but a scabbard is of swords. Old Icelandic rune poem: Óss er alldingautr ok ásgarðs jǫfur, ok valhallar vísi. Jupiter oddviti. English translation: God (Odin) is the aged Gautr and speedy journeythe prince of Asgard and lord of Valhalla	Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Bjǫrk × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Bjǫrk ᛓ ᛓᛁᚢᚱᚴ birch tree b, p IPA: [b], [p] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Bjǫrk (ᛒ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Bjarkan er laufgrønstr líma; Loki bar flærða tíma. English translation: Birch has the greenest leaves of any shrub; Loki was fortunate in his deceit. Old Icelandic rune poem: Bjarkan er laufgat lim ok lítit tré ok ungsamligr viðr abies buðlungr English translation: Birch is a leafy twig and little tree and fresh young shrub.	Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Kaun × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Kaun ᚴ ᚴᛆᚢᚿ ulcer k, g, ŋ IPA: /k/, /kʲ/, /tʃ/ Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Kaun (ᚴ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Kaun er barna bǫlvan; bǫl gørver nán fǫlvan. English translation: Ulcer is fatal to children; death makes a corpse pale. Old Icelandic rune poem: Kaun er barna böl ok bardaga [för] ok holdfúa hús. flagella konungr. English translation: Ulcer is a disease fatal to children and painful spot and abode of mortification.	Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Ár × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Ár ᛆ ᛆᚱ plenty a IPA: [a] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Ár (ᛅ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Ár er gumna góðe; get ek at ǫrr var Fróðe English translation: Plenty is a boon to men; I say that Frothi was generous Old Icelandic rune poem: Ár er gumna góði ok gott sumar ok algróinn akr annus allvaldr. English translation: Plenty is a boon to men and good summer and thriving crops.	Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Thurs × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Thurs ᚦ ᚦᚢᚱᛌ giant þ (th), ð IPA: [θ], [ð] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Thurs (ᚦ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Þurs vældr kvinna kvillu, kátr værðr fár af illu. English translation: Giant causes anguish to women; misfortune makes few men cheerful. Old Icelandic rune poem: Þurs er kvenna kvöl ok kletta búi ok varðrúnar verr. Saturnus þengill. English translation: Giant is the torture of women and cliff-dweller and husband of a giantess. Saturn's thegn.			Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Fé × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Fé ᚠ ᚠᛁ wealth f IPA: [f] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Fé (ᚠ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Fé vældr frænda róge; føðesk ulfr í skóge. English translation: Wealth is a source of discord among kinsmen; the wolf lives in the forest. Old Icelandic rune poem: Fé er frænda róg ok flæðar viti ok grafseiðs gata aurum fylkir. English translation: Wealth is the source of discord among kinsmen and fire of the sea and path of the serpent.	Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Ýr × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Ýr ᛧ ᛧᚱ yew tree ʀ, y IPA: [ɻ], [y] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Ýr (ᛦ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Ýr er vetrgrønstr viða; vænt er, er brennr, at sviða. English translation: Yew is the greenest of trees in winter; it is wont to crackle whem it burns. Old Icelandic rune poem: Ýr er bendr bogi ok brotgjarnt járn ok fífu fárbauti arcus ynglingr. English translation: Ýr is a bent bow and brittle iron and giant of the arrow. Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Maðr × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Maðr ᛙ ᛙᛆᚦᚱ man m IPA: [m] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Maðr (ᛘ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Maðr er moldar auki; mikil er græip á hauki. English translation: Man is an augmentation of the dust; great is the claw of the hawk. Old Icelandic rune poem: Maðr er manns gaman ok moldar auki ok skipa skreytir homo mildingr. English translation: Man is the delight of man and augmentation of the earth and adorner of ships.	Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Úr × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Úr ᚢ ᚢᚱ rain u IPA: [u], [ø], [y], [œ], [v], [w] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Úr (ᚢ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Úr er af illu jarne; opt løypr ræinn á hjarne. English translation: Dross comes from bad iron; the reindeer often races over the frozen snow. Old Icelandic rune poem: Úr er skýgia grátur ok skæra þverrir ok hirðis hatur. Umbre Vísi. English translation: Shower is the lamentation of the clouds and ruin of the hay-harvest and abominationi of the sheperd.		Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Hagall × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Hagall ᚽ ᚽᛆᚴᛆᛚᛚ hail (precipitation) h IPA: [h] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Hagall (ᚼ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Hagall er kaldastr korna; Kristr skóp hæimenn forna. English translation: Hail is the coldest of grain; Christ created the world of old. Old Icelandic rune poem: Hagall er kaldakorn ok krapadrífa ok snáka sótt grando hildingr. English translation: Hail is cold grain and shower of sleet and sickness of serpents.		Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Íss × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Íss ᛁ ᛁᛌᛌ ice i IPA: [i(ː)] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Íss (ᛁ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Ís kǫllum brú bræiða; blindan þarf at læiða. English translation: Ice is called the broad bridge; the blind man must be led. Old Icelandic rune poem: Íss er árbörkr ok unnar þak ok feigra manna fár glacies jöfurr. English translation: Ice is the bark of rivers and roof of the wave and destruction of the doomed.		Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Lǫgr × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Lǫgr ᛚ ᛚᚢᚴᚱ sea l IPA: [l] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Lǫgr (ᛚ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Lǫgr er, fællr ór fjalle foss; en gull ero nosser. English translation: A waterfall is a River which falls from a mountain-side; but ornaments are of gold. Old Icelandic rune poem: Lögr er vellanda vatn ok viðr ketill ok glömmungr grund. lacus lofðungr. English translation: Water is eddying stream and broad geysir and land of the fish.		Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Nauðr × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Nauðr ᚿ ᚿᛆᚢᚦᚱ need n IPA: [n] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Nauðr (ᚾ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Nauðr gerer næppa koste; nǫktan kælr í froste. English translation: Constraint gives scant choice; a naked man is chilled by the frost. Old Icelandic rune poem: Nauð er Þýjar þrá ok þungr kostr ok vássamlig verk. opera niflungr. English translation: Constraint is the grief of the bond-maid and state of oppression and toilsome work.							Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Reið × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Reið ᚱ ᚱᛁᚦ ride r IPA: /r/ Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Reið (ᚱ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Ræið kveða rossom væsta; Reginn sló sværðet bæzta. English translation: Riding is said to be the worst thing for horses; Reginn forged the finest sword. Old Icelandic rune poem: Reið er sitjandi sæla ok snúðig ferð ok jórs erfiði. iter ræsir. English translation: Riding is the joy of the horseman and speedy journey and toil of the steed.	Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Sól × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Sól ᛌ ᛌᚢᛚ sun s, z IPA: [s], [z] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Sól (ᛋ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Sól er landa ljóme; lúti ek helgum dóme. English translation: Sun is the light of the world; I bow to the divine decree. Old Icelandic rune poem: Sól er skýja skjöldr ok skínandi röðull ok ísa aldrtregi rota siklingr. English translation: Sun is the shield of the clouds and shining ray and destroyer of ice.	Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Týr × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Týr ᛐ ᛐᚢᚱ The god Týr t, d IPA: /t/ Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Týr (ᛏ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Týr er æinendr ása; opt værðr smiðr blása. English translation: Tyr is a one-handed god; often has the smith to blow. Old Icelandic rune poem: Týr er einhendr áss ok ulfs leifar ok hofa hilmir Mars tiggi. English translation: Tyr is a god with one hand and leavings of the wolf and prince of temples.
Staveless Younger Futhark	Alphabet c. 11 c. CE		Staveless Younger Futhark letter Bioͤrka × Staveless Younger Futhark letter Bioͤrka birch tree b, p IPA: [b], [p] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Bjǫrk (ᛓ). Old Swedish rune poem: bioͤrkahult groͤnast English translation: Birch-wood greenest	Staveless Younger Futhark letter Koͤn × Staveless Younger Futhark letter Koͤn ulcer k, g, ŋ IPA: /k/, /kʲ/, /tʃ/ Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Kaun (ᚴ). Old Swedish rune poem: Koͤn i koͤte vaͤrst English translation: Ulcer (?), worst in the flesh	Staveless Younger Futhark letter År × Staveless Younger Futhark letter År plenty a IPA: [a] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Ár (ᛆ). Old Swedish rune poem: År i bladhe vidast English translation: (Good) year, of leaf widest	Staveless Younger Futhark letter Tors × Staveless Younger Futhark letter Tors giant þ (th), ð IPA: [θ], [ð] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Thurs (ᚦ). Old Swedish rune poem: Tors qŭinne qŭāl English translation: Giant, woman's pain			Staveless Younger Futhark letter Faͤ × Staveless Younger Futhark letter Faͤ cattle f IPA: [f] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Fé (ᚠ). Old Swedish rune poem: Faͤ frande ro English translation: Cattle, kinsmen's calm	Staveless Younger Futhark letter Ýr × Staveless Younger Futhark letter Ýr yew tree ʀ, y IPA: [ɻ], [y] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Ýr (ᛧ). Staveless Younger Futhark letter Maðr × Staveless Younger Futhark letter Maðr man m IPA: [m] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Maðr (ᛙ).	Staveless Younger Futhark letter Ŭr × Staveless Younger Futhark letter Ŭr rain u IPA: [u], [ø], [y], [œ], [v], [w] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Úr (ᚢ). Old Swedish rune poem: Ŭr vaͤder vaͤrst English translation: Shower, worst weather		Staveless Younger Futhark letter Hagaller × Staveless Younger Futhark letter Hagaller hail (precipitation) h IPA: [h] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Hagall (ᚽ). Old Swedish rune poem: Hagaller i bo baͤst English translation: Hail, best in home		Staveless Younger Futhark letter Īs × Staveless Younger Futhark letter Īs ice i IPA: [i(ː)] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Íss (ᛁ). Old Swedish rune poem: Īs bro bredast English translation: Ice, broadest bridge		Staveless Younger Futhark letter Lagh × Staveless Younger Futhark letter Lagh sea l IPA: [l] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Lǫgr (ᛚ). Old Swedish rune poem: Lagh aͤr Landsens aͤra English translation: Law is land's honour		Staveless Younger Futhark letter Noͤdh × Staveless Younger Futhark letter Noͤdh need n IPA: [n] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Nauðr (ᚿ). Old Swedish rune poem: Noͤdh aͤr enda kŭst English translation: Need is only choice							Staveless Younger Futhark letter Ridher × Staveless Younger Futhark letter Ridher rider r IPA: /r/ Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Reið (ᚱ). Old Swedish rune poem: Ridher haͤstespraͤng English translation: Rider, horse's toil	Staveless Younger Futhark letter Sōl × Staveless Younger Futhark letter Sōl sun s, z IPA: [s], [z] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Sól (ᛌ). Old Swedish rune poem: sōl i himbla hoͤgast English translation: Sun, in sky highest	Staveless Younger Futhark letter Tȳr × Staveless Younger Futhark letter Tȳr The god Týr t, d IPA: /t/ Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Týr (ᛐ). Old Swedish rune poem: Tȳr i vatŭm ledast English translation: Tyr [a name], worst in water (or worst of wights)
Norwegian Younger Futhark	Alphabet c. 11 c. CE	Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Óss × Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Óss ᚮ ᚮᛌᛌ god ą IPA: [ɑ̃], [o(ː)] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Óss (ᚭ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Óss er flæstra færða fǫr; en skalpr er sværða. English translation: Estuary is the way of most journeys; but a scabbard is of swords.	Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Bjǫrk × Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Bjǫrk ᛒ ᛒᛁᚢᚱᚳ birch tree b, p IPA: [b], [p] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Bjǫrk (ᛒ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Bjarkan er laufgrønstr líma; Loki bar flærða tíma. English translation: Birch has the greenest leaves of any shrub; Loki was fortunate in his deceit.	Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Kaun × Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Kaun ᚴ ᚴᛆᚢᚿ ulcer k, g, ŋ IPA: /k/, /kʲ/, /tʃ/ Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Kaun (ᚴ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Kaun er barna bǫlvan; bǫl gørver nán fǫlvan. English translation: Ulcer is fatal to children; death makes a corpse pale.	Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Ár × Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Ár ᛆ ᛆᚱ plenty a IPA: [a] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Ár (ᛆ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Ár er gumna góðe; get ek at ǫrr var Fróðe English translation: Plenty is a boon to men; I say that Frothi was generous	Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Thurs × Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Thurs ᚦ ᚦᚢᚱᛌ giant þ (th), ð IPA: [θ], [ð] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Thurs (ᚦ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Þurs vældr kvinna kvillu, kátr værðr fár af illu. English translation: Giant causes anguish to women; misfortune makes few men cheerful.			Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Fé × Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Fé ᚠ ᚠᛁ wealth f IPA: [f] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Fé (ᚠ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Fé vældr frænda róge; føðesk ulfr í skóge. English translation: Wealth is a source of discord among kinsmen; the wolf lives in the forest.	Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Ýr × Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Ýr ᛦ ᛦᚱ yew tree ʀ, y IPA: [ɻ], [y] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Ýr (ᛦ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Ýr er vetrgrønstr viða; vænt er, er brennr, at sviða. English translation: Yew is the greenest of trees in winter; it is wont to crackle whem it burns. Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Maðr × Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Maðr ᛘ ᛘᛆᚦᚱ man m IPA: [m] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Maðr (ᛘ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Maðr er moldar auki; mikil er græip á hauki. English translation: Man is an augmentation of the dust; great is the claw of the hawk.	Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Úr × Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Úr ᚢ ᚢᚱ rain u IPA: [u], [ø], [y], [œ], [v], [w] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Úr (ᚢ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Úr er af illu jarne; opt løypr ræinn á hjarne. English translation: Dross comes from bad iron; the reindeer often races over the frozen snow.		Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Hagall × Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Hagall ᚼ ᚼᛆᚴᛆᛚᛚ hail (precipitation) h IPA: [h] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Hagall (ᚼ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Hagall er kaldastr korna; Kristr skóp hæimenn forna. English translation: Hail is the coldest of grain; Christ created the world of old. Old Icelandic rune poem: Hagall er kaldakorn ok krapadrífa ok snáka sótt grando hildingr.		Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Íss × Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Íss ᛁ ᛁᛌᛌ ice i IPA: [i(ː)] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Íss (ᛁ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Ís kǫllum brú bræiða; blindan þarf at læiða. English translation: Ice is called the broad bridge; the blind man must be led.		Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Lǫgr × Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Lǫgr ᛚ ᛚᚢᚴᚱ sea l IPA: [l] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Lǫgr (ᛚ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Lǫgr er, fællr ór fjalle foss; en gull ero nosser. English translation: A waterfall is a River which falls from a mountain-side; but ornaments are of gold.		Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Nauðr × Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Nauðr ᚿ ᚿᛆᚢᚦᚱ need n IPA: [n] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Nauðr (ᚿ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Nauðr gerer næppa koste; nǫktan kælr í froste. English translation: Constraint gives scant choice; a naked man is chilled by the frost.							Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Reið × Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Reið ᚱ ᚱᛁᚦ ride r IPA: /r/ Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Reið (ᚱ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Ræið kveða rossom væsta; Reginn sló sværðet bæzta. English translation: Riding is said to be the worst thing for horses; Reginn forged the finest sword.	Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Sól × Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Sól ᛌ ᛌᚢᛚ sun s, z IPA: [s], [z] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Sól (ᛌ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Sól er landa ljóme; lúti ek helgum dóme. English translation: Sun is the light of the world; I bow to the divine decree.	Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Týr × Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Týr ᛐ ᛐᚢᚱ The god Týr t, d IPA: /t/ Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Týr (ᛐ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Týr er æinendr ása; opt værðr smiðr blása. English translation: Tyr is a one-handed god; often has the smith to blow.
Medieval Runes (Child)	Alphabet 12 c. CE - 17 c. CE	Medieval Runic letter Óss × Medieval Runic letter Óss ᚮ ᚮᛌᛌ god ą IPA: [ɑ̃], [o(ː)] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Óss (ᚭ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Óss er flæstra færða fǫr; en skalpr er sværða. English translation: Estuary is the way of most journeys; but a scabbard is of swords. Old Icelandic rune poem: Óss er alldingautr ok ásgarðs jǫfur, ok valhallar vísi. Jupiter oddviti. English translation: God (Odin) is the aged Gautr and speedy journeythe prince of Asgard and lord of Valhalla Medieval Runic letter Ø × Medieval Runic letter Ø ᚯ ø IPA: [øː] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Óss (ᚬ).	Medieval Runic letter Bjǫrk × Medieval Runic letter Bjǫrk ᛒ ᛒᛁᚢᚱᚳ birch tree b IPA: [b] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Bjǫrk (ᛒ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Bjarkan er laufgrønstr líma; Loki bar flærða tíma. English translation: Birch has the greenest leaves of any shrub; Loki was fortunate in his deceit. Old Icelandic rune poem: Bjarkan er laufgat lim ok lítit tré ok ungsamligr viðr abies buðlungr English translation: Birch is a leafy twig and little tree and fresh young shrub. Old Swedish rune poem: bioͤrkahult groͤnast English translation: Birch-wood greenest Medieval Runic letter P × Medieval Runic letter P ᛔ p IPA: [p] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Bjǫrk (ᛒ).	Medieval Runic letter Kaun × Medieval Runic letter Kaun ᚴ ᚴᛆᚢᚿ ulcer k IPA: /k/ Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Kaun (ᚴ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Kaun er barna bǫlvan; bǫl gørver nán fǫlvan. English translation: Ulcer is fatal to children; death makes a corpse pale. Old Icelandic rune poem: Kaun er barna böl ok bardaga [för] ok holdfúa hús. flagella konungr. English translation: Ulcer is a disease fatal to children and painful spot and abode of mortification. Old Swedish rune poem: Koͤn i koͤte vaͤrst English translation: Ulcer (?), worst in the flesh Medieval Runic letter Q × Medieval Runic letter Q ᚴ q IPA: /k/ Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Kaun (ᚴ). Medieval Runic letter G × Medieval Runic letter G ᚵ g IPA: /ɡ/, /j/ Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Kaun (ᚴ).	Medieval Runic letter Ár × Medieval Runic letter Ár ᛆ ᛆᚱ plenty a IPA: [a] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Ár (ᛆ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Ár er gumna góðe; get ek at ǫrr var Fróðe English translation: Plenty is a boon to men; I say that Frothi was generous Old Icelandic rune poem: Ár er gumna góði ok gott sumar ok algróinn akr annus allvaldr. English translation: Plenty is a boon to men and good summer and thriving crops. Old Swedish rune poem: År i bladhe vidast English translation: (Good) year, of leaf widest Medieval Runic letter Æ × Medieval Runic letter Æ ᛅ æ IPA: [æː] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Ár (ᛅ).	Medieval Runic letter Thurs × Medieval Runic letter Thurs ᚦ ᚦᚢᚱᛌ giant þ (th) IPA: [θ] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Thurs (ᚦ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Þurs vældr kvinna kvillu, kátr værðr fár af illu. English translation: Giant causes anguish to women; misfortune makes few men cheerful. Old Icelandic rune poem: Þurs er kvenna kvöl ok kletta búi ok varðrúnar verr. Saturnus þengill. English translation: Giant is the torture of women and cliff-dweller and husband of a giantess. Saturn's thegn. Old Swedish rune poem: Tors qŭinne qŭāl English translation: Giant, woman's pain Medieval Runic letter Ð × Medieval Runic letter Ð ᚧ ð IPA: [ð] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Thurs (ᚦ).			Medieval Runic letter Fé × Medieval Runic letter Fé ᚠ ᚠᛁ wealth f IPA: [f] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Fé (ᚠ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Fé vældr frænda róge; føðesk ulfr í skóge. English translation: Wealth is a source of discord among kinsmen; the wolf lives in the forest. Old Icelandic rune poem: Fé er frænda róg ok flæðar viti ok grafseiðs gata aurum fylkir. English translation: Wealth is the source of discord among kinsmen and fire of the sea and path of the serpent. Old Swedish rune poem: Faͤ frande ro English translation: Cattle, kinsmen's calm Medieval Runic letter V × Medieval Runic letter V ᚡ v IPA: [v] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Fé (ᚠ).	Medieval Runic letter Ýr × Medieval Runic letter Ýr ᛦ ᛦᚱ yew tree ʀ, y IPA: [ɻ], [y] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Ýr (ᛦ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Ýr er vetrgrønstr viða; vænt er, er brennr, at sviða. English translation: Yew is the greenest of trees in winter; it is wont to crackle whem it burns. Old Icelandic rune poem: Ýr er bendr bogi ok brotgjarnt járn ok fífu fárbauti arcus ynglingr. English translation: Ýr is a bent bow and brittle iron and giant of the arrow. Medieval Runic letter Maðr × Medieval Runic letter Maðr ᛘ ᛘᛆᚦᚱ man m IPA: [m] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Maðr (ᛘ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Maðr er moldar auki; mikil er græip á hauki. English translation: Man is an augmentation of the dust; great is the claw of the hawk. Old Icelandic rune poem: Maðr er manns gaman ok moldar auki ok skipa skreytir homo mildingr. English translation: Man is the delight of man and augmentation of the earth and adorner of ships.	Medieval Runic letter Úr × Medieval Runic letter Úr ᚢ ᚢᚱ rain u IPA: [u], [ø], [y], [œ], [v], [w] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Úr (ᚢ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Úr er af illu jarne; opt løypr ræinn á hjarne. English translation: Dross comes from bad iron; the reindeer often races over the frozen snow. Old Icelandic rune poem: Úr er skýgia grátur ok skæra þverrir ok hirðis hatur. Umbre Vísi. English translation: Shower is the lamentation of the clouds and ruin of the hay-harvest and abominationi of the sheperd. Old Swedish rune poem: Ŭr vaͤder vaͤrst English translation: Shower, worst weather		Medieval Runic letter Hagall × Medieval Runic letter Hagall ᚼ ᚼᛆᚴᛆᛚᛚ hail (precipitation) h IPA: [h] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Hagall (ᚼ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Hagall er kaldastr korna; Kristr skóp hæimenn forna. English translation: Hail is the coldest of grain; Christ created the world of old. Old Icelandic rune poem: Hagall er kaldakorn ok krapadrífa ok snáka sótt grando hildingr. Old Icelandic rune poem: Hagall er kaldakorn ok krapadrífa ok snáka sótt grando hildingr. English translation: Hail is cold grain and shower of sleet and sickness of serpents.		Medieval Runic letter Íss × Medieval Runic letter Íss ᛁ ᛁᛌᛌ ice i IPA: [i(ː)] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Íss (ᛁ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Ís kǫllum brú bræiða; blindan þarf at læiða. English translation: Ice is called the broad bridge; the blind man must be led. Old Icelandic rune poem: Íss er árbörkr ok unnar þak ok feigra manna fár glacies jöfurr. English translation: Ice is the bark of rivers and roof of the wave and destruction of the doomed. Old Swedish rune poem: Īs bro bredast English translation: Ice, broadest bridge Medieval Runic letter E × Medieval Runic letter E ᛂ e IPA: [e(ː)] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Íss (ᛁ).		Medieval Runic letter Lǫgr × Medieval Runic letter Lǫgr ᛚ ᛚᚢᚴᚱ sea l IPA: [l] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Lǫgr (ᛚ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Lǫgr er, fællr ór fjalle foss; en gull ero nosser. English translation: A waterfall is a River which falls from a mountain-side; but ornaments are of gold. Old Icelandic rune poem: Lögr er vellanda vatn ok viðr ketill ok glömmungr grund. lacus lofðungr. English translation: Water is eddying stream and broad geysir and land of the fish. Old Swedish rune poem: Lagh aͤr Landsens aͤra English translation: Law is land's honour		Medieval Runic letter Nauðr × Medieval Runic letter Nauðr ᚿ ᚿᛆᚢᚦᚱ need n IPA: [n] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Nauðr (ᚿ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Nauðr gerer næppa koste; nǫktan kælr í froste. English translation: Constraint gives scant choice; a naked man is chilled by the frost. Old Icelandic rune poem: Nauð er Þýjar þrá ok þungr kostr ok vássamlig verk. opera niflungr. English translation: Constraint is the grief of the bond-maid and state of oppression and toilsome work. Old Swedish rune poem: Noͤdh aͤr enda kŭst English translation: Need is only choice							Medieval Runic letter Reið × Medieval Runic letter Reið ᚱ ᚱᛁᚦ ride r IPA: /r/ Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Reið (ᚱ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Ræið kveða rossom væsta; Reginn sló sværðet bæzta. English translation: Riding is said to be the worst thing for horses; Reginn forged the finest sword. Old Icelandic rune poem: Reið er sitjandi sæla ok snúðig ferð ok jórs erfiði. iter ræsir. English translation: Riding is the joy of the horseman and speedy journey and toil of the steed. Old Swedish rune poem: Ridher haͤstespraͤng English translation: Rider, horse's toil	Medieval Runic letter Sól × Medieval Runic letter Sól ᛌ ᛌᚢᛚ sun s, z IPA: [s], [z] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Sól (ᛌ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Sól er landa ljóme; lúti ek helgum dóme. English translation: Sun is the light of the world; I bow to the divine decree. Old Icelandic rune poem: Sól er skýja skjöldr ok skínandi röðull ok ísa aldrtregi rota siklingr. English translation: Sun is the shield of the clouds and shining ray and destroyer of ice. Old Swedish rune poem: sōl i himbla hoͤgast English translation: Sun, in sky highest Medieval Runic letter C × Medieval Runic letter C c IPA: [s], [k] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Sól (ᛌ). Medieval Runic letter Z × Medieval Runic letter Z z IPA: [z] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Sól (ᛌ).	Medieval Runic letter Týr × Medieval Runic letter Týr ᛐ ᛐᚢᚱ The god Týr t IPA: /t/ Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Týr (ᛐ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Týr er æinendr ása; opt værðr smiðr blása. English translation: Tyr is a one-handed god; often has the smith to blow. Old Icelandic rune poem: Týr er einhendr áss ok ulfs leifar ok hofa hilmir Mars tiggi. English translation: Tyr is a god with one hand and leavings of the wolf and prince of temples. Old Swedish rune poem: Tȳr i vatŭm ledast English translation: Tyr [a name], worst in water (or worst of wights) Medieval Runic letter D × Medieval Runic letter D ᛑ d IPA: [d] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Týr (ᛐ).