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Writing Scripts Descended from Egyptian Hieroglyphs

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Elder Futhark

ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ

Alphabet^1-3
1 c. CE - 8 c. CE^{1,citation needed}

Left-to-right, right-to-left, and boustrophedon^1-3

Elder_Futhark

Languages^1,3

Northwest Germanic and Gothic

Places^1,3,4

Predominantly Scandinavia and Germany

Abecedary^1,3

Names of runes are reconstructed Proto-Germanic.

Elder Futhark letter fehu × Elder Futhark letter fehu ᚠ ᚠᛖᚺᚢ cattle, goods f IPA: /ɸ/, /f/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Ef (F), or Etruscan letter Ve (𐌅), or Archaic Greek letter Wau.	Elder Futhark letter ūruz × Elder Futhark letter ūruz ᚢ ᚢᚱᚢᛉ aurochs u IPA: /u(ː)/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter V́ (V).	Elder Futhark letter thurisar × Elder Futhark letter thurisar ᚦ ᚦᚢᚱᛁᛊᚨᚱ giant þ (th) IPA: /θ/, /ð/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Dé (D), or Etruscan letter De (𐌃), or Archaic Greek letter Delta.	Elder Futhark letter ansuz × Elder Futhark letter ansuz ᚨ ᚨᚾᛊᚢᛉ god a IPA: /a(ː)/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Á (A), or Etruscan letter A (𐌀), or Archaic Greek letter Alpha.	Elder Futhark letter raiðu × Elder Futhark letter raiðu ᚱ ᚱᚨᛁᛞᛟ journey, vehicle r IPA: /r/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Er (R).
Elder Futhark letter kauna × Elder Futhark letter kauna ᚲ ᚲᚨᚢᚾᚨ boil, sickness k IPA: /k/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Cé (C), or Etruscan letter Ke (𐌂), or Archaic Greek letter Gamma.	Elder Futhark letter geƀu × Elder Futhark letter geƀu ᚷ ᚷᛖᛒᚢ gift g IPA: /g/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Ix (X), or Etruscan letter Eks (𐌗), or Archaic Greek letter Chi.	Elder Futhark letter wunju × Elder Futhark letter wunju ᚹ ᚹᚢᚾᛃᚢ joy w IPA: /w/ Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter Pé (P) graphically without inheriting its sound value.	Elder Futhark letter hagalaz × Elder Futhark letter hagalar ᚺ ᚺᚨᚷᚨᛚᚨᛉ hail (precipitation) h IPA: /h/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Há (H), or Archaic Greek letter Eta.	Elder Futhark letter nauðiz × Elder Futhark letter nauðiz ᚾ ᚾᚨᚢᛞᛁᛉ need, difficulty n IPA: /n/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter En (N).
Elder Futhark letter isaz × Elder Futhark letter isaz ᛁ ᛁᛊᚨᛉ ice i IPA: /i(ː)/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter I (I), or Etruscan letter I (𐌉), or Archaic Greek letter Iota.	Elder Futhark letter jara × Elder Futhark letter jara ᛃ ᛃᚨᚱᚨ (good) year, harvest j IPA: /j/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Gé (G).	Elder Futhark letter iwaz × Elder Futhark letter iwaz ᛇ ᛇᚹᚨᛉ yew-tree ï (æ) IPA: ?/æː/ Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter Zéta (Z) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Etruscan letter Ze (𐌆) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Archaic Greek letter Zeta graphically without inheriting its sound value.	Elder Futhark letter perthu × Elder Futhark letter perthu ᛈ ᛈᛖᚱᚦᚢ ?fruit tree p IPA: /p/ Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter Ká (K) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Etruscan letter Ka (𐌊) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Archaic Greek letter Kappa graphically without inheriting its sound value.	Elder Futhark letter algiz × Elder Futhark letter algiz ᛉ ᚨᛚᚷᛁᛉ elk z IPA: /z/ Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter I Graeca (Y) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Etruscan letter U (𐌖) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Archaic Greek letter U graphically without inheriting its sound value.
Elder Futhark letter sowilu × Elder Futhark letter sowilu ᛊ ᛊᛟᚹᛁᛚᚢ sun s IPA: /s/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Es (S), or Etruscan letter Es (𐌔), or Archaic Greek letter Sigma.	Elder Futhark letter tiwaz × Elder Futhark letter tiwaz ᛏ ᛏᛁᚹᚨᛉ the god Týr t IPA: /t/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Té (T), or Etruscan letter Te (𐌕), or Archaic Greek letter Tau.	Elder Futhark letter berkana × Elder Futhark letter berkana ᛒ ᛒᛖᚱᚲᚨᚾᚨ birch twig b IPA: /b/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Bé (B), or Etruscan letter Be (𐌁), or Archaic Greek letter Beta.	Elder Futhark letter ehwaz × Elder Futhark letter ehwaz ᛖ ᛖᚺᚹᚨᛉ horse e IPA: /e(ː)/ Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter Em (M) graphically without inheriting its sound value.	Elder Futhark letter mannaz × Elder Futhark letter mannaz ᛗ ᛗᚨᚾᚾᚨᛉ person m IPA: /m/ Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter É (E) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Etruscan letter E (𐌄) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Archaic Greek letter Ei graphically without inheriting its sound value.
Elder Futhark letter laguz × Elder Futhark letter laguz ᛚ ᛚᚨᚷᚢᛉ water l IPA: /l/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter El (L), or Etruscan letter El (𐌋), or Archaic Greek letter Lambda.	Elder Futhark letter ingwaz × Elder Futhark letter ingwaz ᛜ ᛁᛜᚹᚨᛉ the god Freyr ŋ (ng) IPA: /ŋ/ Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter Ó (O) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Etruscan letter O (𐌏) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Archaic Greek letter Ou graphically without inheriting its sound value.	Elder Futhark letter dagaz × Elder Futhark letter dagaz ᛞ ᛞᚨᚷᚨᛉ day d IPA: /d/ Perhaps derived from a doublet of Classical Latin letter Dé (D), or a doublet of Etruscan letter De (𐌃), or a doublet of Archaic Greek letter Delta.	Elder Futhark letter othila × Elder Futhark letter othila ᛟ ᛟᚦᛁᛚᚨ inherited property o IPA: /o(ː)/ Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter Qú (Q) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Etruscan letter O (O) , or Archaic Greek letter Omega (Ω).

Letter variants

Letter *hagalar
Elder Futhark letter *hagalar (variant 1)	Elder Futhark letter *hagalar (variant 2)

Epigraphy⁵

Ru_EF_Epi01

Hole Runestone. Hole, Buskerud, Norway. c. 50 BCE - c. 275 CE.
The oldest known rune stone. (Description - here)

Script comparison^1-3,6-10

Writing Script		Head of ox		House plan		Throw stick		Nile tilapia			Man with arms raised				Pear shaped mace				Two diagonal strokes		Plan of rectangular enclosure	Heart and trachea		Arm with downward facing palm		Hand	Crook	Water ripple	Cobra			Reed column			Eye		Mouth	Rush with shoots			Cord on stick	Head	Bow						Crossed sticks
Egyptian Hieroglyphs	Logography 32 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 𓃾 Head of Ox Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ka		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 𓉐 House plan Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 𓌙 Throw stick Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: qema Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/ Conventional Anglicisation: aam		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 𓆛 Bulti fish Phonogram in for: int “bulti”			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 𓀠 Man with arms raised Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 𓌉 Pear shaped mace Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 𓏭 Two diagonal strokes Determinative for duality		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6 𓉗 Plan of rectangular enclosure Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 𓄤 Heart and windpipe Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 𓂣 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 𓂧 Hand Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 𓋿 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 𓈖 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 𓆓 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 𓊽 Reed column Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/ Conventional Anglicisation: djed			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 𓁹 Eye Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 𓂋 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 𓇑 Rush with roots Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 𓎗 Cord on stick Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wedj	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 𓁶 Head Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a 𓌓 Bow Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet						Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 𓏴 Crossed sticks Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”
Classical Latin (Parent)	Alphabet 1 c. BCE - 7 c. CE	Classical Latin letter Á × Classical Latin letter Á A a IPA: /a/, /aː/ Derived from Old Latin letter A (A).		Classical Latin letter Bé × Classical Latin letter Bé B b IPA: /b/ Derived from Old Latin letter Be (B).		Classical Latin letter Cé × Classical Latin letter Cé C c IPA: /k/ Derived from Old Latin letter Ke (C). Numerical value: 100	Classical Latin letter Gé × Classical Latin letter Gé G g IPA: /g/ Derived from Old Latin letter Ge (G).	Classical Latin letter Dé × Classical Latin letter Dé D d IPA: /d/ Derived from Old Latin letter De (D). Numerical value: 500			Classical Latin letter É × Classical Latin letter É E e IPA: /e/, /eː/ Derived from Old Latin letter E (E).			Classical Latin letter Ef × Classical Latin letter Ef F f IPA: /f/ Derived from Old Latin letter Ef (F).	Classical Latin letter I Graeca × Classical Latin letter I Graeca Y Greek I y IPA: /y/, /yː/ Derived from Hellenistic Greek Captial letter Upsilon (Υ).	Classical Latin letter V́ × Classical Latin letter V́ V u,w IPA: /u/, /uː/ Derived from Old Latin letter V (V). Numerical value: 5			Classical Latin letter Zéta × Classical Latin letter Zéta Z z IPA: /z/ Derived from Hellenistic Greek Captial letter Zeta (Ζ).		Classical Latin letter Há × Classical Latin letter Há H h IPA: /h/ Derived from Old Latin letter He (H).			Classical Latin letter I × Classical Latin letter I I i IPA: /i/, /iː/, /j/ Derived from Old Latin letter I (I). Numerical value: 1		Classical Latin letter Ká × Classical Latin letter Ká K k IPA: /k/ Derived from Old Latin letter Ka (K).	Classical Latin letter El × Classical Latin letter El L l IPA: /l/ Derived from Old Latin letter El (L). Numerical value: 50	Classical Latin letter Em × Classical Latin letter Em M m IPA: /m/ Derived from Old Latin letter Em (M). Numerical value: 1000	Classical Latin letter En × Classical Latin letter En N n IPA: /n/ Derived from Old Latin letter En (N).						Classical Latin letter Ó × Classical Latin letter Ó O o IPA: /o/, /oː/ Derived from Old Latin letter O (O).		Classical Latin letter Pé × Classical Latin letter Pé P p IPA: /p/ Derived from Old Latin letter Pe (P).				Classical Latin letter Qú × Classical Latin letter Qú Q q IPA: /k/ Derived from Old Latin letter Ku (Q).	Classical Latin letter Er × Classical Latin letter Er R r IPA: /r/ Derived from Old Latin letter Er (R).	Classical Latin letter Es × Classical Latin letter Es S s IPA: /s/ Derived from Old Latin letter Es (S).						Classical Latin letter Té × Classical Latin letter Té T t IPA: /t/ Derived from Old Latin letter Té (T).			Classical Latin letter Ix × Classical Latin letter Ix X ks IPA: /ks/, /gz/ Derived from Old Latin letter Ix (X). Numerical value: 10
Etruscan (Parent)	Alphabet 8 c. BCE - 1 c. BCE	Etruscan letter A × Etruscan letter A 𐌀 a IPA: [a] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Alpha.		Etruscan letter Be × Etruscan letter Be 𐌁 b Derived from Archaic Greek letter Beta.		Etruscan letter Ke × Etruscan letter Ke 𐌂 c IPA: [k] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Gamma.		Etruscan letter De × Etruscan letter De 𐌃 d IPA: [d] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Delta.			Etruscan letter E × Etruscan letter E 𐌄 e IPA: [e] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Ei.			Etruscan letter Ve × Etruscan letter Ve 𐌅 v IPA: [w] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Wau.	Etruscan letter U × Etruscan letter U 𐌖 u IPA: [u] Derived from Archaic Greek letter U.				Etruscan letter Ze × Etruscan letter Ze 𐌆 z IPA: [ts] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Zeta.		Etruscan letter He × Etruscan letter He 𐌇 h IPA: [h] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Eta.	Etruscan letter The × Etruscan letter The 𐌈 th IPA: [tʰ] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Theta.		Etruscan letter I × Etruscan letter I 𐌉 i IPA: [i] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Iota.		Etruscan letter Ka × Etruscan letter Ka 𐌊 k IPA: [k] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Kappa.	Etruscan letter El × Etruscan letter El 𐌋 l IPA: [l] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Lambda.	Etruscan letter Em × Etruscan letter Em 𐌌 m IPA: [m] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Mu.	Etruscan letter En × Etruscan letter En 𐌍 n IPA: [n] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Nu.			Etruscan letter Esh × Etruscan letter Esh 𐌎 ś Derived from Archaic Greek letter Xi.			Etruscan letter O × Etruscan letter O 𐌏 o Derived from Archaic Greek letter Omicron.		Etruscan letter Pe × Etruscan letter Pe 𐌐 p IPA: [p] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Pi.	Etruscan letter She × Etruscan letter She 𐌑 sh, σ IPA: [ʃ], [s] Derived from Archaic Greek letter San.			Etruscan letter Ku × Etruscan letter Ku 𐌒 q IPA: [k] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Koppa.	Etruscan letter Er × Etruscan letter Er 𐌛 r IPA: [r] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Rho.	Etruscan letter Es × Etruscan letter Es 𐌔 s IPA: [s], [ʃ] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Sigma.						Etruscan letter Te × Etruscan letter Te 𐌕 t IPA: [t] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Tau.		Etruscan letter Phe × Etruscan letter Phe 𐌘 φ IPA: [pʰ] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Phi.	Etruscan letter Eks × Etruscan letter Eks 𐌗 s̽ Derived from Archaic Greek letter Chi.									Etruscan letter Khe × Etruscan letter Khe 𐌙 χ IPA: [kʰ] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Chi.
Archaic Greek (Parent)	Alphabet 8 c. BCE - 4 c. BCE	Archaic Greek letter Alpha × Archaic Greek letter Alpha a IPA: /a/, /aː/ Derived from Phoenician letter ʾālep (𐤀). Numerical value: 1		Archaic Greek letter Beta × Archaic Greek letter Beta b IPA: /b/ Derived from Phoenician letter Bēt (𐤁). Numerical value: 2		Archaic Greek letter Gamma × Archaic Greek letter Gamma g IPA: /ɡ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Gīml (𐤂). Numerical value: 3		Archaic Greek letter Delta × Archaic Greek letter Delta d IPA: /d/ Derived from Phoenician letter Dālet (𐤃). Numerical value: 4			Archaic Greek letter Ei × Archaic Greek letter Ei e IPA: /e/, /eː/ Derived from Phoenician letter He (𐤄). Numerical value: 5			Archaic Greek letter Wau × Archaic Greek letter Wau w IPA: /w/ Derived from Phoenician letter Wāw (𐤅). Numerical value: 400	Archaic Greek letter U × Archaic Greek letter U u IPA: /u/, /uː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Wāw (𐤅). Numerical value: 400				Archaic Greek letter Zeta × Archaic Greek letter Zeta z IPA: [zd](?) Derived from Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin (𐤆). Numerical value: 7	Archaic Greek letter Eta (eastern variant) × Archaic Greek letter Eta (eastern variant) h IPA: /h/, /ɛː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Hēt (𐤇). Numerical value: 8	Archaic Greek letter Eta (southern/western variant) × Archaic Greek letter Eta (southern/western variant) h IPA: /h/, /ɛː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Hēt (𐤇). Numerical value: 8	Archaic Greek letter Theta × Archaic Greek letter Theta th IPA: /tʰ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṭēt (𐤈). Numerical value: 9		Archaic Greek letter Iota × Archaic Greek letter Iota i IPA: /i/, /iː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Yod (𐤉). Numerical value: 10		Archaic Greek letter Kappa × Archaic Greek letter Kappa k IPA: /k/ Derived from Phoenician letter Kāp (𐤊). Numerical value: 20	Archaic Greek letter Lambda × Archaic Greek letter Lambda l IPA: /l/ Derived from Phoenician letter Lāmed (𐤋). Numerical value: 30	Archaic Greek letter Mu × Archaic Greek letter Mu m IPA: /m/ Derived from Phoenician letter Mēm (𐤌). Numerical value: 40	Archaic Greek letter Nu × Archaic Greek letter Nu n IPA: /n/ Derived from Phoenician letter Nūn (𐤍). Numerical value: 50			Archaic Greek letter Xi (eastern variant) × Archaic Greek letter Xi (eastern variant) ks IPA: /ks/ Derived from Phoenician letter Śāmek (𐤎). Numerical value: 60		Archaic Greek letter Ō × Archaic Greek letter Ō o IPA: /ɔː/ Derived from Archaic Greek letter Ou. Numerical value: 800	Archaic Greek letter Ou × Archaic Greek letter Ou o IPA: /o/, /oː/ Derived from Phoenician letter ʿayin (𐤏). Numerical value: 70		Archaic Greek letter Pi × Archaic Greek letter Pi p IPA: /p/ Derived from Phoenician letter Pē (𐤐). Numerical value: 80	Archaic Greek letter San × Archaic Greek letter San s IPA: /s/ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṩādē (𐤑). Archaic Greek letter Sampi × Archaic Greek letter Sampi ͳ ss or ts IPA: /ss/ or /ts/ Numerical value: 900			Archaic Greek letter Koppa × Archaic Greek letter Koppa k IPA: /k/ Derived from Phoenician letter Qōp (𐤒). Numerical value: 90	Archaic Greek letter Rho × Archaic Greek letter Rho r IPA: /r/ Derived from Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh (𐤓). Numerical value: 100	Archaic Greek letter Sigma × Archaic Greek letter Sigma s IPA: /s/ Derived from Phoenician letter Šīn (𐤔). Numerical value: 200						Archaic Greek letter Tau × Archaic Greek letter Tau t IPA: /t/ Derived from Phoenician letter Tāw (𐤕). Numerical value: 300		Archaic Greek letter Phi × Archaic Greek letter Phi ph IPA: /pʰ/ Likely derived from Phoenician letter Qōp (𐤒). Numerical value: 500	Archaic Greek letter Chi (western variant) × Archaic Greek letter Chi (western variant) kh IPA: /kʰ/ Numerical value: 600 Archaic Greek letter Chi (eastern variant) × Archaic Greek letter Chi (eastern variant) kh IPA: /kʰ/ Numerical value: 600									Archaic Greek letter Psi × Archaic Greek letter Psi ps IPA: /ps/ Numerical value: 700
Elder Futhark	Alphabet 1 c. CE - 8 c. CE	Elder Futhark letter ansuz × Elder Futhark letter ansuz ᚨ ᚨᚾᛊᚢᛉ god a IPA: /a(ː)/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Á (A), or Etruscan letter A (𐌀), or Archaic Greek letter Alpha.		Elder Futhark letter berkana × Elder Futhark letter berkana ᛒ ᛒᛖᚱᚲᚨᚾᚨ birch twig b IPA: /b/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Bé (B), or Etruscan letter Be (𐌁), or Archaic Greek letter Beta.		Elder Futhark letter kauna × Elder Futhark letter kauna ᚲ ᚲᚨᚢᚾᚨ boil, sickness k IPA: /k/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Cé (C), or Etruscan letter Ke (𐌂), or Archaic Greek letter Gamma.	Elder Futhark letter jara × Elder Futhark letter jara ᛃ ᛃᚨᚱᚨ (good) year, harvest j IPA: /j/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Gé (G).	Elder Futhark letter thurisar × Elder Futhark letter thurisar ᚦ ᚦᚢᚱᛁᛊᚨᚱ giant þ (th) IPA: /θ/, /ð/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Dé (D), or Etruscan letter De (𐌃), or Archaic Greek letter Delta.	Elder Futhark letter dagaz × Elder Futhark letter dagaz ᛞ ᛞᚨᚷᚨᛉ day d IPA: /d/ Perhaps derived from a doublet of Classical Latin letter Dé (D), or a doublet of Etruscan letter De (𐌃), or a doublet of Archaic Greek letter Delta.		Elder Futhark letter mannaz × Elder Futhark letter mannaz ᛗ ᛗᚨᚾᚾᚨᛉ person m IPA: /m/ Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter É (E) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Etruscan letter E (𐌄) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Archaic Greek letter Ei graphically without inheriting its sound value.			Elder Futhark letter fehu × Elder Futhark letter fehu ᚠ ᚠᛖᚺᚢ cattle, goods f IPA: /ɸ/, /f/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Ef (F), or Etruscan letter Ve (𐌅), or Archaic Greek letter Wau.	Elder Futhark letter algiz × Elder Futhark letter algiz ᛉ ᚨᛚᚷᛁᛉ elk z IPA: /z/ Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter I Graeca (Y) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Etruscan letter U (𐌖) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Archaic Greek letter U graphically without inheriting its sound value.	Elder Futhark letter ūruz × Elder Futhark letter ūruz ᚢ ᚢᚱᚢᛉ aurochs u IPA: /u(ː)/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter V́ (V).			Elder Futhark letter iwaz × Elder Futhark letter iwaz ᛇ ᛇᚹᚨᛉ yew-tree ï (æ) IPA: ?/æː/ Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter Zéta (Z) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Etruscan letter Ze (𐌆) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Archaic Greek letter Zeta graphically without inheriting its sound value.	Elder Futhark letter hagalaz × Elder Futhark letter hagalar ᚺ ᚺᚨᚷᚨᛚᚨᛉ hail (precipitation) h IPA: /h/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Há (H), or Archaic Greek letter Eta.				Elder Futhark letter isaz × Elder Futhark letter isaz ᛁ ᛁᛊᚨᛉ ice i IPA: /i(ː)/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter I (I), or Etruscan letter I (𐌉), or Archaic Greek letter Iota.		Elder Futhark letter perthu × Elder Futhark letter perthu ᛈ ᛈᛖᚱᚦᚢ ?fruit tree p IPA: /p/ Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter Ká (K) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Etruscan letter Ka (𐌊) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Archaic Greek letter Kappa graphically without inheriting its sound value.	Elder Futhark letter laguz × Elder Futhark letter laguz ᛚ ᛚᚨᚷᚢᛉ water l IPA: /l/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter El (L), or Etruscan letter El (𐌋), or Archaic Greek letter Lambda.	Elder Futhark letter ehwaz × Elder Futhark letter ehwaz ᛖ ᛖᚺᚹᚨᛉ horse e IPA: /e(ː)/ Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter Em (M) graphically without inheriting its sound value.	Elder Futhark letter nauðiz × Elder Futhark letter nauðiz ᚾ ᚾᚨᚢᛞᛁᛉ need, difficulty n IPA: /n/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter En (N).					Elder Futhark letter othila × Elder Futhark letter othila ᛟ ᛟᚦᛁᛚᚨ inherited property o IPA: /o(ː)/ Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter Qú (Q) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Etruscan letter O (O), or Archaic Greek letter Omega (Ω).	Elder Futhark letter ingwaz × Elder Futhark letter ingwaz ᛜ ᛁᛜᚹᚨᛉ the god Freyr ŋ (ng) IPA: /ŋ/ Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter Ó (O) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Etruscan letter O (𐌏) graphically without inheriting its sound value, or Archaic Greek letter Ou graphically without inheriting its sound value.		Elder Futhark letter wunju × Elder Futhark letter wunju ᚹ ᚹᚢᚾᛃᚢ joy w IPA: /w/ Perhaps derived from Classical Latin letter Pé (P) graphically without inheriting its sound value.					Elder Futhark letter raiðu × Elder Futhark letter raiðu ᚱ ᚱᚨᛁᛞᛟ journey, vehicle r IPA: /r/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Er (R).	Elder Futhark letter sowilu × Elder Futhark letter sowilu ᛊ ᛊᛟᚹᛁᛚᚢ sun s IPA: /s/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Es (S), or Etruscan letter Es (𐌔), or Archaic Greek letter Sigma.						Elder Futhark letter tiwaz × Elder Futhark letter tiwaz ᛏ ᛏᛁᚹᚨᛉ the god Týr t IPA: /t/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Té (T), or Etruscan letter Te (𐌕), or Archaic Greek letter Tau.			Elder Futhark letter geƀu × Elder Futhark letter geƀu ᚷ ᚷᛖᛒᚢ gift g IPA: /g/ Likely derived from Classical Latin letter Ix (X), or Etruscan letter Eks (𐌗), or Archaic Greek letter Chi.
Anglo-Frisian Futhorc (Child)	Alphabet 5 c. CE - 11 c. CE	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ós × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ós ᚩ ᚩᛋ The god Woden o IPA: /o(:)/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter ansuz (ᚨ). Old English rune poem: Ós bẏþ ordfruma · ælcre spræce, wisdomes wraþu · ond witena frofur and eorla gehwam · eadnẏs and tohiht. Modern English translation: The ?mouth is the source of all language, a pillar of wisdom and a comfort to wise men, a blessing and a joy to every knight. Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ác × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ác ᚪ ᚪᚳ oak tree a IPA: /ɑ(:)/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter ansuz (ᚨ). Old English rune poem: Ac byþ on eorþan · elda bearnum flæsces fodor, fereþ gelome ofer ganotes bæþ; garsecg fandaþ hƿæþ ac hæbbw · æþele treoƿe. Modern English translation: The oak fattens the flesh of swine for the children of men. Often it traverses the gannet's bath, and the ocean proves whether the oak keeps faith in honourable fashion. Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Æsc × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Æsc ᚫ ᚫᛋᚳ ash tree æ IPA: /æ(:)/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *ansuz (ᚨ). Old English rune poem: Æsc biþ oferheah, eldum dyre stiþ on staþule, stede rihte hylt, ðeah him feohtan on · firas monige. Modern English translation: The ash is exceedingly high and precious to men. With its sturdy trunk it offers a stubborn resistance, though attacked by many a man.		Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Beorc × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Beorc ᛒ ᛒᛖᚩᚱᚳ birch tree b IPA: /b/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *berkana (ᛒ). Old English rune poem: Beorc bẏþ bleda leas, bereþ efne sƿa ðeah tanas butan tudder, biþ on telgum ƿlitig, heah on helme · hrẏsted fægere, geloden leafum, lẏfte getenge. Modern English translation: The birch has no fruit; yet without seed it brings forth suckers, for it is generated from its leaves. Splendid are its branches and glorious adorned its lofty crown which reaches to the skies.		Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Cen × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Cen ᚳ ᚳᛖᚾ torch c IPA: /k/, /kʲ/, /tʃ/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *kauna (ᚲ). Old English rune poem: Cen bẏþ cƿicera gehƿam, cuþ on fẏre blac ond beorhtlic, bẏrneþ oftust ðær hi æþelingas · inne restaþ. Modern English translation: The torch is known to every living man by its pale, bright flame; it always burns where princes sit within.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Gær × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Gær ᛄ ᛄᚫᚱ year j IPA: /j/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter jara (ᛃ). Old English rune poem: Ger byþ hiht, ðonne God læteþ, halig heofones cyning, hrusan syllan beorthte bleda · beornum ond ðearfum. Modern English translation: Summer is a joy to men, when God, the holy King of Heaven, suffers the earth to bring forth shining fruits for rich and poor alike. Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Iar × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Iar ᛡ ᛡᚫᚱ ?eel io IPA: /i(:)o/? Derived from Elder Futhark letter jara (ᛃ). Old English rune poem: Iar byþ eafix · and ðeah a bruceþ fodres on foldan, hafaþ fægerne eard wætre beƿorpen, ðær he ƿynnum leofaþ. Modern English translation: The ?eel is a river fish and yet it always feeds on land; it has a fair abode encompassed by water, where it lives inb happiness.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ðorn × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ðorn ᚦ ᚦᚩᚱᚾ thorn þ (th) IPA: /θ/, [ð] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *thurisar (ᚦ). Old English rune poem: Ðorn bẏþ ðearle scearp; ðegna gehƿẏlcum anfeng ẏs ẏfẏl, ungemetum reþe manna gehƿẏlcun, ðe him mid resteð. Modern English translation: The thorn is exceedingly sharp, an evil thing for any knight to touch, uncommonly severe on all who sit among them.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Dæg × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Dæg ᛞ ᛞᚫᚷ day d IPA: /d/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *dagaz (ᛞ). Old English rune poem: Dæg bẏþ drihtnes sond, deore mannum, mære metodes leoht, mẏrgþ and tohiht eadgum and earmum, eallum brice. Modern English translation: Day, the glorious light of the Creator, is sent by the Lord; it is beloved of men, a source of hope and happiness to rich and poor, and of service to all.		Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Man × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Man ᛗ ᛗᚪᚾ man m IPA: /m/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *mannaz (ᛗ). Old English rune poem: Man bẏþ on mẏrgþe · his magan leof: sceal þeah anra gehƿẏlc · oðrum sƿican, forðum drẏhten ƿẏle · dome sine þæt earme flæsc · eorþan betæcan. Modern English translation: The joyous man is dear to his kinsmen; yet every man is doomed to fail his fellow, since the Lord by his decree will commit the vile carrion to the earth.			Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Feoh × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Feoh ᚠ ᚠᛖᚩᚻ wealth, cattle f IPA: /f/, [v] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *fehu (ᚠ). Old English rune poem: Feoh bẏþ frofur · fira gehƿẏlcum; sceal ðeah manna gehƿẏlc · miclun hẏt dælan gif he ƿile for drihtne · domes hleotan. Modern English translation: Wealth is a comfort to all men; yet must every man bestow it freely, if he wish to gain honour in the sight of the Lord.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Eolh × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Eolh ᛉ ᛖᚩᛚᚻ ?elk x IPA: - Used to transliterate the Latin letter 'X' into runes Derived from Elder Futhark letter *algiz (ᛉ). Old English rune poem: Eolh-secg eard hæfþ · oftust on fenne ƿexeð on ƿature, ƿundaþ grimme, blode breneð · beorna gehƿẏlcne ðe him ænigne · onfeng gedeþ. Modern English translation: The ?elk-sedge mostly to be fouind in a marsh; it grows in the water and makes a ghastly wound, covering with blood every warrior who touches it.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Úr × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Úr ᚢ ᚢᚱ aurochs u IPA: /u(ː)/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter ūruz (ᚢ). Old English rune poem: Ur bẏþ anmod · ond oferhẏrned, felafrecne deor, feohteþ mid hornum mære morstapa; þæt is modig ƿuht. Modern English translation: The aurochs is proud and has great horns; it is a very savage beast and fights with its horns; a great ranger of the moors, it is a creature of mettle. Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ýr × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ýr ᚣ ᚣᚱ ?bow y IPA: /y(ː)/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter ūruz (ᚢ). Old English rune poem: Ýr byþ æþelinga · and eorla gehƿæs ƿyn and ƿyrþmynd, byþ on ƿiege fæger, fæstlic on færelde, fyrdgeateƿa sum. Modern English translation: ? is a source of joy and honour to every prince and knight; it looks well on a horse and is a reliable equipment for a journey.			Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Éoh × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Éoh ᛇ ᛇᚩᚻ yew ï IPA: /i(:)/ [x], [ç] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *iwaz (ᛇ). Old English rune poem: Eoh bẏþ utan · unsmeþe treoƿ, heard hrusan fæst, hẏrde fẏres, ƿẏrtrumun underƿreþẏd, ƿẏn on eþle. Modern English translation: The yew is a tree with rough bark, hard and fast in the earth, supported by its roots, a guardian of flame and a joy on native land.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Hægl × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Hægl ᚻ ᚻᚫᚷᛚ hail (precipitation) h IPA: /h/, [x], [ç] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *hagalaz (ᚺ). Old English rune poem: Hægl bẏþ hƿitust corna; hƿẏrft hit of heofones lẏfte, ƿealcaþ hit ƿindes scura; ƿeorþeþ hit to ƿætere sẏððan. Modern English translation: Hail is the whitest of grain; it is whirled from the vault of heaven and is tossed about by gusts of wind and then it melts into water.				Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ís × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ís ᛁ ᛁᛊ ice i IPA: /i(ː)/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *isaz (ᛁ). Old English rune poem: Is bẏþ oferceald, ungemetum slidor, glisnaþ glæshluttur · gimmum gelicust, flor forste geƿoruht, fæger ansẏne. Modern English translation: Ice is very cold and immeasurably slippery; it glistens as clear as glass and most like to gems; it is a floor wrought by the frost, fair to look upon.		Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Peorð × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Peorð ᛈ ᛈᛖᚩᚱᚦ ? p IPA: /p/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *perthu (ᛈ). Old English rune poem: Peorð bẏþ sẏmble · plega and hlehter ƿlancum [on middum], ðar ƿigan sittaþ on beorsele · bliþe ætsomne. Modern English translation: The ?chessman is a source of recreation and amusement to the great, where warriors sit blithely together in the banquesting-hall.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Lagu × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Lagu ᛚ ᛚᚪᚷᚢ body of water (lake) l IPA: /l/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *laguz (ᛚ). Old English rune poem: Lagu bẏþ leodum · langsum geþuht, gif hi sculun neþan · on nacan tealtum and hi sæẏþa sƿẏþe · bregaþ and se brimhengest · bridles ne gẏm[eð]. Modern English translation: The ocean seems interminable to men, if they venture on the rolling bark and the waves of the sea terrify them and the stallion of the deep heed not its bridle.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Eh × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Eh ᛖ ᛖᚻ steed e IPA: /e(ː)/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *ehwaz (ᛖ). Old English rune poem: Eh bẏþ for eorlum · æþelinga ƿẏn, hors hofum ƿlanc, ðær him hæleþ ẏmb[e] ƿelege on ƿicgum · ƿrixlaþ spræce and biþ unstẏllum · æfre frofur. Modern English translation: The horse is a joy to princes in the presence of warriors, a steed in the pride of its hoofs, when rich men on horseback bandy words about it; and it is ever a source of comfort to the restless.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Nýd × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Nýd ᚾ ᚾᚣᛞ need, trouble n IPA: /n/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *nauðiz (ᚾ). Old English rune poem: Nẏd bẏþ nearu on breostan; ƿeorþeþ hi þeah oft niþa bearnum to helpe and to hæle gehƿæþre, gif hi his hlẏstaþ æror. Modern English translation: Trouble is oppressive to the heart; yet often it proves a source of help and salvation to the children of men, to everyone who heeds it betimes.					Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ēthel × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ēthel ᛟ ᛟᚦᛖᛚ inherited land, native country œ IPA: /ø(:)/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *othila (ᛟ). Old English rune poem: Eþel bẏþ oferleof · æghƿẏlcum men, gif he mot ðær rihtes · and gerẏsena on brucan on bolde · bleadum oftast. Modern English translation: An estate is very dear to every man, if he can enjoys there in his house whatever is right and proper input constant prosperity.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ing × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Ing ᛝ ᛁᛝ Ing (Ingui-Frea?) ŋ (ng) IPA: /ŋɡ/, /ŋ/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *ingwaz (ᛜ). Old English rune poem: Ing ƿæs ærest · mid Eást-Denum geseƿen secgum, oð he síððan est ofer ƿæg geƿát; ƿæn æfter ran; þus Heardingas · þone hæle nemdon. Modern English translation: Ing was first seen by ben among the East-Danes, till, followed by his car, he departed eastwards over the waves. So the Heardingas named the hero.		Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Wynn × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Wynn ᚹ ᚹᛖᚾᚾᛖ joy w IPA: /w/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *wunju (ᚹ). Old English rune poem: Ƿenne brūceþ, þe can ƿēana lẏtable sāres and sorge · and him sẏlfa hæfþ blǣd and blẏsse · and eac bẏrga geniht. Modern English translation: Bliss he enjoys who knows not suffering, sorrow nor anxiety, and has prosperity and happiness and a good enough house.					Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Rád × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Rád ᚱ ᚱᚪᛞ journey, vehicle r IPA: /r/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *raiðu (ᚱ). Old English rune poem: Rad bẏþ on recẏde · rinca gehƿẏlcum sefte ond sƿiþhƿæt, ðamðe sitteþ on ufan meare mægenheardum · ofer milpaþas. Modern English translation: ?Riding seems easy to every warrior while he is indoors and very courageous to him who traverses the high- roads on the back of a stout horse.	Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Sigel × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Sigel ᛋ ᛋᛁᚷᛖᛚ sun s IPA: /s/, [z] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *sowilu (ᛊ). Old English rune poem: Sigel semannum · sẏmble biþ on hihte, ðonne hi hine feriaþ · ofer fisces beþ, oþ hi brimhengest · bringeþ to lande. Modern English translation: The sun is ever a joy in the hopes of seafarers when they journey away over the fishes' bath, until the courser of the deep bears them to land.						Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Tír × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Tír ᛏ ᛏᛁᚱ ? t IPA: /t/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *tiwaz (ᛏ). Old English rune poem: Tir biþ tacna sum, healdeð trẏƿa ƿel ƿiþ æþelingas; a biþ on færylde ofer nihta genipu, næfre sƿiceþ. Modern English translation: ? is a (guiding) star; well does it keep faith with princes; it is ever on its course over the mists of night and never fails.			Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Gyfu × Anglo-Frisian Futhorc letter Gyfu ᚷ ᚷᚣᚠᚢ gift g IPA: /ɡ/, [ɣ] , /j/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *geƀu (ᚷ). Old English rune poem: Gẏfu gumena bẏþ · gleng and herenẏs, ƿraþu and ƿẏrþscẏpe · and ƿræcna gehƿam ar and ætƿist, ðe bẏþ oþra leas. Modern English translation: Generosity brings credit and honour, which support one's dignity; it furnishes help and subsistence to all broken men who are devoid of aught else.
Long-branch Younger Futhark (Child)	Alphabet 8 c. CE	Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Óss × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Óss ᚬ ᚬᛋᛋ god ą IPA: [ɑ̃], [o(ː)] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *ansuz (ᚨ).		Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Bjǫrk × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Bjǫrk ᛒ ᛒᛁᚢᚱᚴ birch tree b, p IPA: [b], [p] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *berkana (ᛒ).		Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Kaun × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Kaun ᚴ ᚴᛅᚢᚾ ulcer k, g, ŋ IPA: /k/, /kʲ/, /tʃ/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *kauna (ᚲ).	Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Ár × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Ár ᛅ ᛅᚱ plenty a IPA: [a] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *jara (ᛃ).	Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Thurs × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Thurs ᚦ ᚦᚢᚱᛋ giant þ (th), ð IPA: [θ], [ð] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *thurisar (ᚦ).						Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Fé × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Fé ᚠ ᚠᛁ wealth f IPA: [f] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *fehu (ᚠ).	Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Ýr × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Ýr ᛦ ᛦᚱ yew tree ʀ, y IPA: [ɻ], [y] Derived from Elder Futhark letter algiz (ᛉ). Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Maðr × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Maðr ᛘ ᛘᛅᚦᚱ man m IPA: [m] Derived from Elder Futhark letter algiz (ᛉ).	Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Úr × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Úr ᚢ ᚢᚱ rain u IPA: [u], [ø], [y], [œ], [v], [w] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *ūruz (ᚢ).				Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Hagall × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Hagall ᚼ ᚼᛅᚴᛅᛚᛚ hail (precipitation) h IPA: [h] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *hagalaz (ᚺ).				Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Íss × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Íss ᛁ ᛁᛋᛋ ice i IPA: [i(ː)] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *isaz (ᛁ).			Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Lǫgr × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Lǫgr ᛚ ᛚᚢᚴᚱ sea l IPA: [l] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *laguz (ᛚ).		Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Nauðr × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Nauðr ᚾ ᚾᛅᚢᚦᚱ need n IPA: [n] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *nauðiz (ᚾ).													Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Reið × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Reið ᚱ ᚱᛁᚦ ride r IPA: /r/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *raiðu (ᚱ).	Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Sól × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Sól ᛋ ᛋᚢᛚ sun s, z IPA: [s], [z] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *sowilu (ᛊ).						Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Týr × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Týr ᛏ ᛏᚢᚱ The god Týr t, d IPA: /t/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *tiwaz (ᛏ).

Lineage^1-3,8-17

Egyptian Hieroglyphs
↳Hieratic Egyptian
↳Proto-Sinaitic
↳Phoenician
↳*Archaic Greek (selected letters)
↳*Etruscan (selected letters)
↳Archaic Latin
↳*Classical Latin
↳*Elder Futhark
↳Anglo-Frisian Futhorc
↳Long-branch Younger Futhark
↳*Elder Futhark
↳*Elder Futhark

*While there development of Elder Futhark are debated, most attribute the parent script to being Latin, Etruscan or its other derived scripts, or Archaic Greek.^1-3

References

1. Daniels, P. T., & Bright, W. (Eds.). (1996). The world’s writing systems. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
2. Looijenga, T., & Quak, A. (Eds.). (1996). Frisian runes and neighbouring tradition: Proceedings of the first international symposium on Frisian runes at the fries museum, Leeuwarden, 26-29 January 1994. Editions Rodopi.
3. Knirk, J. (2002). 73. Runes : Origin, development of the futhark, functions, applications, and methodological considerations. In (Ed.), Volume 1 (pp. 634-648). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110197051-073
4. Academy of Sciences Göttingen. (n.d.). Runic writing in the Germanic languages (RuneS). Retrieved May 3, 2026, from Runesdb.eu website: https://www.runesdb.eu/
5. The world’s oldest rune stone. (n.d.). Retrieved May 2, 2026, from Historiskmuseum.no website: https://www.historiskmuseum.no/english/exhibitions/exhibitions-archive/worlds-oldest-rune-stone/
6. Colless, Brian E (1990). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Sinai". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 28: 1–52. doi:10.2143/anes.28.0.525711
7. Colless, Brian E (1991). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Canaan". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 29: 18–66. doi:10.2143/anes.29.0.525718
8. Kirchhoff, A (1877). Studien zur geschichte des griechischen alphabets (3rd rev ed.). Berlin: F. Dümmler. OL 24337090M.
9. Marcos, J. J. (2024). PALEOGRAPHIC FONTS. Fonts for Latin paleography. https://www.typofonts.com/palefont.html
10. Page, R. I. (1987). Runes. London, England: British Museum Press.
11. Allen, J. P. (2014). Middle Egyptian: An introduction to the language and culture of hieroglyphs. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
12. Albright, William F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and their Decipherment.
13. Davidson, L. (2022, March 18). How the Phoenician Alphabet Revolutionised Language. Retrieved December 20, 2025, from historyhit.com website: https://www.historyhit.com/how-the-phoenician-alphabet-revolutionised-language/
14. Bakker, E. J. (Ed.). (2010). A companion to the ancient Greek language: Bakker/A companion to the ancient Greek language. Wiley-Blackwell.
15. Maras, D. F. (2022). Mnamon: Etrusco. Laboratorio di Storia, Archeologia, Epigrafia e Tradizione dell’antico (SAET) - Scuola Normale Superiore. https://doi.org/10.25429/SNS.IT/LETTERE/MNAMON048
16. Looijenga, T., & Quak, A. (Eds.). (1996). Frisian runes and neighbouring tradition: Proceedings of the first international symposium on Frisian runes at the fries museum, Leeuwarden, 26-29 January 1994. Editions Rodopi.
17. Knirk, J. (2002). 73. Runes : Origin, development of the futhark, functions, applications, and methodological considerations. In (Ed.), Volume 1 (pp. 634-648). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110197051-073

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