Main page

Abecedary^!1-3

Rhaetic letter A × Rhaetic letter A 𐌀 a Derived from Etruscan letter A (𐌀).	Rhaetic letter E × Rhaetic letter E 𐌄 v Derived from Etruscan letter E (𐌄).	Rhaetic letter Ve × Rhaetic letter Ve 𐌅 e Derived from Etruscan letter Ve (𐌅).	Rhaetic letter Ze × Rhaetic letter Ze 𐌆 z Derived from Etruscan letter Ze (𐌆).	Rhaetic letter He × Rhaetic letter He 𐌇 h Derived from Etruscan letter He (𐌇).
Rhaetic letter I × Rhaetic letter I 𐌉 i Derived from Etruscan letter I (𐌉).	Rhaetic letter Ka × Rhaetic letter Ka 𐌊 k Derived from Etruscan letter Ka (𐌊).	Rhaetic letter El × Rhaetic letter El 𐌋 l Derived from Etruscan letter El (𐌋).	Rhaetic letter Em × Rhaetic letter Em 𐌌 m Derived from Etruscan letter Em (𐌌).	Rhaetic letter En × Rhaetic letter En 𐌍 n Derived from Etruscan letter En (𐌍).
Rhaetic letter Pe × Rhaetic letter Pe 𐌐 p Derived from Etruscan letter Pe (𐌐).	Rhaetic letter She × Rhaetic letter She 𐌑 sh Derived from Etruscan letter She (𐌑).	Rhaetic letter Er × Rhaetic letter Er 𐌓 r Derived from Etruscan letter Er (𐌛).	Rhaetic letter Es × Rhaetic letter Es 𐌔 s Derived from Etruscan letter Es (𐌔).	Rhaetic letter Te × Rhaetic letter Te 𐌕 t Derived from Etruscan letter Te (𐌕).
Rhaetic letter U × Rhaetic letter U 𐌖 u Derived from Etruscan letter U (𐌖).	Rhaetic letter Phe × Rhaetic letter Phe 𐌘 φ Derived from Etruscan letter Phe (𐌘).	Rhaetic letter Khe × Rhaetic letter Khe 𐌙 kh Derived from Etruscan letter Khe (𐌙).	Rhaetic letter Tse × Rhaetic letter Tse 𐌯 ts

Writing Script		Head of ox	House plan	Throw stick	Nile tilapia	Man with arms raised		Pear shaped mace	Two diagonal strokes	Plan of rectangular enclosure	Heart and trachea	Arm with downward facing palm	Hand	Crook	Water ripple	Cobra	Reed column	Eye	Mouth	Rush with shoots	Cord on stick	Head	Bow	Crossed sticks
Egyptian Hieroglyphs	Logography 32 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 𓃾 Head of Ox Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ka	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 𓉐 House plan Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 𓌙 Throw stick Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: qema Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/ Conventional Anglicisation: aam	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 𓆛 Bulti fish Phonogram in for: int “bulti”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 𓀠 Man with arms raised Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 𓌉 Pear shaped mace Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 𓏭 Two diagonal strokes Determinative for duality	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6 𓉗 Plan of rectangular enclosure Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 𓄤 Heart and windpipe Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 𓂣 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 𓂧 Hand Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 𓋿 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 𓈖 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 𓆓 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 𓊽 Reed column Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/ Conventional Anglicisation: djed	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 𓁹 Eye Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 𓂋 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 𓇑 Rush with roots Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 𓎗 Cord on stick Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wedj	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 𓁶 Head Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a 𓌓 Bow Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 𓏴 Crossed sticks Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”
Etruscan (Parent)	Alphabet 8 c. BCE - 1 c. BCE	Etruscan letter A × Etruscan letter A 𐌀 a IPA: [a] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Alpha.	Etruscan letter Be × Etruscan letter Be 𐌁 b Derived from Archaic Greek letter Beta.	Etruscan letter Ke × Etruscan letter Ke 𐌂 c IPA: [k] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Gamma.	Etruscan letter De × Etruscan letter De 𐌃 d IPA: [d] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Delta.	Etruscan letter E × Etruscan letter E 𐌄 e IPA: [e] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Ei.	Etruscan letter Ve × Etruscan letter Ve 𐌅 v IPA: [w] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Wau.	Etruscan letter U × Etruscan letter U 𐌖 u IPA: [u] Derived from Archaic Greek letter U.	Etruscan letter Ze × Etruscan letter Ze 𐌆 z IPA: [ts] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Zeta.	Etruscan letter He × Etruscan letter He 𐌇 h IPA: [h] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Eta.	Etruscan letter The × Etruscan letter The 𐌈 th IPA: [tʰ] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Theta.	Etruscan letter I × Etruscan letter I 𐌉 i IPA: [i] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Iota.	Etruscan letter Ka × Etruscan letter Ka 𐌊 k IPA: [k] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Kappa.	Etruscan letter El × Etruscan letter El 𐌋 l IPA: [l] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Lambda.	Etruscan letter Em × Etruscan letter Em 𐌌 m IPA: [m] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Mu.	Etruscan letter En × Etruscan letter En 𐌍 n IPA: [n] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Nu.	Etruscan letter Esh × Etruscan letter Esh 𐌎 ś Derived from Archaic Greek letter Xi.	Etruscan letter O × Etruscan letter O 𐌏 o Derived from Archaic Greek letter Omicron.	Etruscan letter Pe × Etruscan letter Pe 𐌐 p IPA: [p] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Pi.	Etruscan letter She × Etruscan letter She 𐌑 sh, σ IPA: [ʃ], [s] Derived from Archaic Greek letter San.	Etruscan letter Ku × Etruscan letter Ku 𐌒 q IPA: [k] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Koppa.	Etruscan letter Er × Etruscan letter Er 𐌛 r IPA: [r] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Rho.	Etruscan letter Es × Etruscan letter Es 𐌔 s IPA: [s], [ʃ] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Sigma.	Etruscan letter Te × Etruscan letter Te 𐌕 t IPA: [t] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Tau.	Etruscan letter Phe × Etruscan letter Phe 𐌘 φ IPA: [pʰ] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Phi.	Etruscan letter Eks × Etruscan letter Eks 𐌗 s̽ Derived from Archaic Greek letter Chi.	Etruscan letter Khe × Etruscan letter Khe 𐌙 χ IPA: [kʰ] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Chi.

References

1. Marchesini, S. (2022). Mnamon: Retico. Laboratorio di Storia, Archeologia, Epigrafia e Tradizione dell’antico (SAET) - Scuola Normale Superiore. https://doi.org/10.25429/SNS.IT/LETTERE/MNAMON045
2. Daniels, P. T., & Bright, W. (Eds.). (1996). The world’s writing systems. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
3. Morandi, A. (1998). Osservazioni su alcuni aspetti della documentazione. In Revue belge de philologie et d’histoire 76 (pp. 99–124).
4. IT-5 plaque. (n.d.). Univie.ac.at. Retrieved December 20, 2025, from https://tir.univie.ac.at/wiki/IT-5_plaque
5. Colless, Brian E (1990). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Sinai". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 28: 1–52. doi:10.2143/anes.28.0.525711
6. Colless, Brian E (1991). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Canaan". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 29: 18–66. doi:10.2143/anes.29.0.525718
7. Bonfante, G., & Bonfante, L. (1986). The Etruscan language. Manchester University Press.
8. Maras, D. F. (2022). Mnamon: Etrusco. Laboratorio di Storia, Archeologia, Epigrafia e Tradizione dell’antico (SAET) - Scuola Normale Superiore. https://doi.org/10.25429/SNS.IT/LETTERE/MNAMON048
9. Little, C. C. (2011). Proposal to Encode Additional Old Italic Characters. Retrieved December 20, 2025, from unicode.org website: https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11146r-old-italic.pdf
10. Marcos, J. J. (2024). PALEOGRAPHIC FONTS. Fonts for Latin paleography. https://www.typofonts.com/palefont.html
11. Maras, D. F. (2022a). Mnamon: Falisco. Laboratorio di Storia, Archeologia, Epigrafia e Tradizione dell’antico (SAET) - Scuola Normale Superiore. https://doi.org/10.25429/SNS.IT/LETTERE/MNAMON050
12. Ciurli, F. (n.d.). Celtic, Lepontic. Mnamon. Retrieved December 20, 2025, from https://mnamon.sns.it/index.php?page=Scrittura&id=59&lang=en
13. Montagnaro, L. (n.d.). Venetic. Mnamon. Retrieved December 20, 2025, from https://mnamon.sns.it/index.php?page=Scrittura&id=31&lang=en
14. Morandi, A. (2004). Epigrafia e lingua dei Celti d’Italia. Civiltà Dell’Italia Antica, II.
15. South Picene. (n.d.). Mnamon. Retrieved December 20, 2025, from https://mnamon.sns.it/index.php?page=Scrittura&id=62&lang=en
16. Oscan. (n.d.). Mnamon. Retrieved December 20, 2025, from https://mnamon.sns.it/index.php?page=Scrittura&id=24&lang=en
17. Ventriglia, A. (n.d.). Umbrian. Mnamon. Retrieved December 20, 2025, from https://mnamon.sns.it/index.php?page=Scrittura&id=36&lang=en
18. Allen, J. P. (2014). Middle Egyptian: An introduction to the language and culture of hieroglyphs. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
19. Albright, William F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and their Decipherment.
20. Davidson, L. (2022, March 18). How the Phoenician Alphabet Revolutionised Language. Retrieved December 20, 2025, from historyhit.com website: https://www.historyhit.com/how-the-phoenician-alphabet-revolutionised-language/
21. Bakker, E. J. (Ed.). (2010). A companion to the ancient Greek language: Bakker/A companion to the ancient Greek language. Wiley-Blackwell.

matuww

Writing Scripts Descended from Egyptian Hieroglyphs

Elder Futhark

ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ

Languages^!1,2

Places^!1,2

Abecedary^!1-3

Epigraphy^!4

Script comparison^!1-3,5-17

Lineage^!1,2,7-21

References

Elder Futhark

ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ

Languages!1,2

Places!1,2

Abecedary!1-3

Rhaetic letter A

𐌀

Rhaetic letter E

𐌄

Rhaetic letter Ve

𐌅

Rhaetic letter Ze

𐌆

Rhaetic letter He

𐌇

Rhaetic letter I

𐌉

Rhaetic letter Ka

𐌊

Rhaetic letter El

𐌋

Rhaetic letter Em

𐌌

Rhaetic letter En

𐌍

Rhaetic letter Pe

𐌐

Rhaetic letter She

𐌑

Rhaetic letter Er

𐌓

Rhaetic letter Es

𐌔

Rhaetic letter Te

𐌕

Rhaetic letter U

𐌖

Rhaetic letter Phe

𐌘

Rhaetic letter Khe

𐌙

Rhaetic letter Tse

𐌯

Epigraphy!4

Script comparison!1-3,5-17

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1

𓃾

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1

𓉐

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14

𓌙

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1

𓆛

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28

𓀠

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3

𓌉

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4

𓏭

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6

𓉗

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35

𓄤

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42

𓂣

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46

𓂧

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39

𓋿

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35

𓈖

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10

𓆓

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11

𓊽

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4

𓁹

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21

𓂋

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22

Languages^!1,2

Places^!1,2

Abecedary^!1-3

Epigraphy^!4

Script comparison^!1-3,5-17