Etruscan
Etruria, central and northern Italian peninsula
Orientalising Etruscan |
8 c. BCE - 7 c. BCE |
Orientalising Etruscan letter A
|
Orientalising Etruscan letter Be
|
Orientalising Etruscan letter Ke
|
Orientalising Etruscan letter De
|
Orientalising Etruscan letter E
|
Orientalising Etruscan letter Ve
|
Orientalising Etruscan letter Ze
|
Orientalising Etruscan letter He
|
Orientalising Etruscan letter The
|
Orientalising Etruscan letter I
|
Orientalising Etruscan letter Ka
|
Orientalising Etruscan letter El
|
Orientalising Etruscan letter Em
|
Orientalising Etruscan letter En
|
Orientalising Etruscan letter Esh
|
Orientalising Etruscan letter O
|
Orientalising Etruscan letter Pe
|
Orientalising Etruscan letter She
|
Orientalising Etruscan letter Ku
|
Orientalising Etruscan letter Er
|
Orientalising Etruscan letter Es
|
Orientalising Etruscan letter Te
|
Orientalising Etruscan letter U
|
Orientalising Etruscan letter Eks
|
Orientalising Etruscan letter Phe
|
Orientalising Etruscan letter Khe
|
||
Archaic Etruscan |
7 c. BCE - 5 c. BCE |
Archaic Etruscan letter A
|
Archaic Etruscan letter Ke
|
Archaic Etruscan letter E
|
Archaic Etruscan letter Ve
|
Archaic Etruscan letter Ze
|
Archaic Etruscan letter He
|
Archaic Etruscan letter The (variant 1)
×
Archaic Etruscan letter The (variant 1)𐌈th
|
Archaic Etruscan letter I
|
Archaic Etruscan letter Ka
|
Archaic Etruscan letter El
|
Archaic Etruscan letter Em (variant 1)
×
Archaic Etruscan letter Em (variant 1)𐌌m
|
Archaic Etruscan letter En (variant 1)
×
Archaic Etruscan letter En (variant 1)𐌍n
|
Archaic Etruscan letter Pe
|
Archaic Etruscan letter She (variant 1)
×
Archaic Etruscan letter She (variant 1)𐌑sh, σ
|
Archaic Etruscan letter Ku
|
Archaic Etruscan letter Er (variant 1)
×
Archaic Etruscan letter Er (variant 1)𐌛r
|
Archaic Etruscan letter Es (variant 1)
×
Archaic Etruscan letter Es (variant 1)𐌔s
|
Archaic Etruscan letter Te
|
Archaic Etruscan letter U (variant 1)
×
Archaic Etruscan letter U (variant 1)𐌖u
|
Archaic Etruscan letter Eks
|
Archaic Etruscan letter Phe
|
Archaic Etruscan letter Khe
|
Archaic Etruscan letter Ef
×
Archaic Etruscan letter Ef𐌚f
|
|||||
Archaic Etruscan letter The (variant 2)
×
Archaic Etruscan letter The (variant 2)𐌈th
|
Archaic Etruscan letter Em (variant 2)
×
Archaic Etruscan letter Em (variant 2)𐌌m
|
Archaic Etruscan letter En (variant 2)
×
Archaic Etruscan letter En (variant 2)𐌍n
|
Archaic Etruscan letter She (variant 2)
×
Archaic Etruscan letter She (variant 2)𐌑sh, σ
|
Archaic Etruscan letter Er (variant 2)
×
Archaic Etruscan letter Er (variant 2)𐌓r
|
Archaic Etruscan letter Es (variant 2)
×
Archaic Etruscan letter Es (variant 2)𐌔s
|
Archaic Etruscan letter U (variant 2)
×
Archaic Etruscan letter U (variant 2)𐌖u
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
Neo-Etruscan |
5 c. BCE - 1 c. BCE |
Neo-Etruscan letter A
|
Neo-Etruscan letter Ke
|
Neo-Etruscan letter E
|
Neo-Etruscan letter Ve
|
Neo-Etruscan letter Ze (variant 1)
|
Neo-Etruscan letter He (variant 1)
|
Neo-Etruscan letter The
|
Neo-Etruscan letter I
|
Neo-Etruscan letter Ka (variant 1)
|
Neo-Etruscan letter El
|
Neo-Etruscan letter Em (variant 1)
|
Neo-Etruscan letter En
|
Neo-Etruscan letter Pe
|
Neo-Etruscan letter She
|
Neo-Etruscan Etruscan letter Er
|
Neo-Etruscan letter Es (variant 1)
|
Neo-Etruscan letter Te (variant 1)
|
Neo-Etruscan letter U
|
Neo-Etruscan letter Phe
|
Neo-Etruscan letter Khe
|
Neo-Etruscan letter Ef
|
|||||||
Neo-Etruscan letter Ze (variant 2)
|
Neo-Etruscan letter He (variant 2)
|
Neo-Etruscan letter Ka (variant 2)
|
Neo-Etruscan letter Em (variant 2)
|
Neo-Etruscan letter Es (variant 2)
|
Neo-Etruscan letter Te (variant 2)
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Marsiliana Tablet. c. 7. BCE. Marsiliana d'Albegna, Tuscany, Italy.
The oldest Etrsucan Abecedarium to date. (English description - here)
![]() |
![]() |
Cippus Perusinus. 3 c. BCE - 2 c. BCE. San Marco, Perugia, Italy.
Appears to be a border stone dictating legal contracts between Etruscan families. (English description - here)
| Writing Script | Head of ox | House plan | Throw stick | Nile tilapia | Man with arms raised | Pear shaped mace | Two diagonal strokes | Plan of rectangular enclosure | Heart and trachea | Arm with downward facing palm | Hand | Crook | Water ripple | Cobra | Reed column | Eye | Mouth | Rush with shoots | Cord on stick | Head | Bow | Crossed sticks | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Logography
|
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1𓃾Head of Ox
|
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1𓉐House plan
|
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14𓌙Throw stick
|
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1𓆛Bulti fish
|
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28𓀠Man with arms raised
|
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3𓌉Pear shaped mace
|
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4𓏭Two diagonal strokes
|
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6𓉗Plan of rectangular enclosure
|
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35𓄤Heart and windpipe
|
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42𓂣Arm with downward facing palm
|
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46𓂧Hand
|
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39𓋿Crook
|
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35𓈖Water ripple
|
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10𓆓Cobra
|
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11𓊽Reed column
|
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4𓁹Eye
|
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21𓂋Mouth
|
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22𓇑Rush with roots
|
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24𓎗Cord on stick
|
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1𓁶Head
|
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a𓌓Bow
|
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9𓏴Crossed sticks
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Archaic Greek (Parent) | Alphabet
|
Archaic Greek letter Alpha
×
Archaic Greek letter Alphaa
|
Archaic Greek letter Beta
|
Archaic Greek letter Gamma
|
Archaic Greek letter Delta
×
Archaic Greek letter Deltad
|
Archaic Greek letter Ei
×
Archaic Greek letter Eie
|
Archaic Greek letter Wau
|
Archaic Greek letter U
×
Archaic Greek letter Uu
|
Archaic Greek letter Zeta
×
Archaic Greek letter Zetaz
|
Archaic Greek letter Eta (eastern variant)
×
Archaic Greek letter Eta (eastern variant)h
|
Archaic Greek letter Eta (southern/western variant)
×
Archaic Greek letter Eta (southern/western variant)h
|
Archaic Greek letter Theta
×
Archaic Greek letter Thetath
|
Archaic Greek letter Iota
×
Archaic Greek letter Iotai
|
Archaic Greek letter Kappa
|
Archaic Greek letter Lambda
×
Archaic Greek letter Lambdal
|
Archaic Greek letter Mu
|
Archaic Greek letter Nu
|
Archaic Greek letter Xi (eastern variant)
×
Archaic Greek letter Xi (eastern variant)ks
|
Archaic Greek letter Ō
|
Archaic Greek letter Ou
×
Archaic Greek letter Ouo
|
Archaic Greek letter Pi
|
Archaic Greek letter San
Archaic Greek letter Sampi
×
Archaic Greek letter Sampiͳss or ts
|
Archaic Greek letter Koppa
|
Archaic Greek letter Rho
×
Archaic Greek letter Rhor
|
Archaic Greek letter Sigma
×
Archaic Greek letter Sigmas
|
Archaic Greek letter Tau
|
Archaic Greek letter Phi
×
Archaic Greek letter Phiph
|
Archaic Greek letter Chi (western variant)
×
Archaic Greek letter Chi (western variant)kh
Archaic Greek letter Chi (eastern variant)
×
Archaic Greek letter Chi (eastern variant)kh
|
Archaic Greek letter Psi
×
Archaic Greek letter Psips
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lydian (Sibling) | Alphabet 8 c. BCE - 2 c. BCE |
Lydian letter A
|
Lydian letter B
|
Lydian letter G
|
Lydian letter D
|
Lydian letter E
|
Lydian letter V/W
|
Lydian letter U
|
Lydian letter Š
|
Lydian letter I
|
Lydian letter K
|
Lydian letter L
|
Lydian letter M
|
Lydian letter N
|
Lydian letter O
|
Lydian letter R
|
Lydian letter S
|
Lydian letter T
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carian (Sibling) | Alphabet 7 c. BCE - 3 c. BCE |
Carian letter A
|
Carian letter P (variant 1)
Carian letter P (variant 2)
Carian letter β (Hyllariman variant)
×
|
Carian letter D (variant 1)
Carian letter D (variant 2)
|
Carian letter I (variant 1)
×
Carian letter I (Kaunian variant 1)𐊹i
Carian letter I (variant 2)
×
Carian letter I (variant 2)i
Carian letter I (variant 3)
×
Carian letter I (variant 3)i
|
Carian letter Y (variant 1)
Carian letter Y (variant 2)
Carian letter Y (variant 3)
Carian letter W (variant 1)
Carian letter W (variant 2)
|
Carian letter U (variant 1)
Carian letter U (Saqqaran variant 2)
|
Carian letter E
|
Carian letter L
Carian letter λ
|
Carian letter M (variant 1)
Carian letter M (variant 2)
|
Carian letter N (variant 1)
Carian letter N (variant 2)
|
Carian letter O
|
Carian letter B (variant 1)
×
Carian letter B (variant 1)𐊩b
Carian letter B (Saqqaran variant 2)
×
Carian letter B (variant 2)b
|
Carian letter S
|
Carian letter Q (variant 1)
Carian letter Q (variant 2)
|
Carian letter R (variant 1)
Carian letter R (variant 2)
|
Carian letter T (variant 1)
Carian letter T (variant 2)
|
Carian letter K (variant 1)
Carian letter K (variant 2)
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Messapic (Sibling) | Alphabet 6 c. BCE - 2 c. BCE |
Messapic letter Alpha
|
Messapic letter Beta
|
Messapic letter Gamma
|
Messapic letter Delta
|
Messapic letter Epsilon
|
Messapic letter Digamma
|
Messapic letter Upsilon
|
Messapic letter Zeta
|
Messapic letter Eta
|
Messapic letter Heta
|
Messapic letter Theta
|
Messapic letter Iota
|
Messapic letter Kappa
|
Messapic letter Lambda
|
Messapic letter Mu
|
Messapic letter Nu
|
Messapic letter Xi
|
Messapic letter Omicron
|
Messapic letter Pi
|
Messapic letter Qoppa
|
Messapic letter Rho
|
Messapic letter Sigma
|
Messapic letter Tau
|
Messapic letter Chi
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lycian (Sibling) | Alphabet 5 c. BCE - 14 c. CE |
Lycian letter A
|
Lycian letter B
|
Lycian letter G
|
Lycian letter D
|
Lycian letter I
|
Lycian letter W
|
Lycian letter Z
|
Lycian letter J
|
Lycian letter K
|
Lycian letter L
|
Lycian letter M
|
Lycian letter N
|
Lycian letter Ñ
|
Lycian letter U
|
Lycian letter P
|
Lycian letter K/C
|
Lycian letter R
|
Lycian letter S
|
Lycian letter T
|
Lycian letter H
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Greco-Iberian (Sibling) | Alphabet 5 c. BCE - 3 c. BCE |
Greco-Iberian letter Alpha
|
Greco-Iberian letter Beta
|
Greco-Iberian letter Gamma
|
Greco-Iberian letter Delta
|
Greco-Iberian letter Upsilon
|
Greco-Iberian letter Eta
|
Greco-Iberian letter Iota
|
Greco-Iberian letter Kappa
|
Greco-Iberian letter Lambda
|
Greco-Iberian letter Nu
|
Greco-Iberian letter Omicron
|
Greco-Iberian letter Rho
Greco-Iberian letter Rho’
|
Greco-Iberian letter Sigma
|
Greco-Iberian letter Tau
|
Greco-Iberian letter Sampi
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Classical Greek Capitals (Sibling) | Alphabet 5 c. BCE - 4 c. BCE |
Classical Greek Captial letter Alpha
×
Classical Greek Captial letter AlphaΑΑΛΦΑa
|
Classical Greek Captial letter Beta
×
Classical Greek Captial letter BetaΒΒΗΤΑb
|
Classical Greek Captial letter Gamma
×
Classical Greek Captial letter GammaΓΓΑΜΜΑg
|
Classical Greek Captial letter Delta
×
Classical Greek Captial letter DeltaΔΔΕΛΤΑd
|
Classical Greek Captial letter Epsilon
×
Archaic Greek letter EpsilonΕΕΨΙΛΟΝSimple E
|
Classical Greek Captial letter Upsilon
×
Classical Greek Captial letter UpsilonΥΥΨΙΛΟΝSimple U
|
Classical Greek Captial letter Zeta
×
Classical Greek Captial letter ZetaΖΖΗΤΑz
|
Classical Greek Captial letter Eta
×
Classical Greek Captial letter EtaΗΗΤΑē
|
Classical Greek Captial letter Theta
×
Classical Greek Captial letter ThetaΘΘΗΤΑth
|
Classical Greek Captial letter Iota
×
Classical Greek Captial letter IotaΙΙΩΤΑi
|
Classical Greek Captial letter Kappa
×
Classical Greek Captial letter KappaΚΚΑΠΠΑk
|
Classical Greek Captial letter Lambda
×
Classical Greek Captial letter LambdaΛΛΑΜΒΔΑl
|
Classical Greek Captial letter Mu
×
Classical Greek Captial letter MuΜΜΥm
|
Classical Greek Captial letter Nu
×
Classical Greek Captial letter NuΝΝΥn
|
Classical Greek Captial letter Xi
×
Classical Greek Captial letter XiΞΞΙks
|
Classical Greek Captial letter Omega
×
Classical Greek Captial letter OmegaΩΩΜΕΓΑBig O
|
Classical Greek Captial letter Omicron
×
Classical Greek Captial letter OmicronΟΟΜΙΚΡΟΝSmall O
|
Classical Greek Captial letter Pi
×
Classical Greek Captial letter PiΠΠΙp
|
Classical Greek letter Sampi
×
Classical Greek letter SampiΣΑΜΠΙ"like a Pi (Π)"
|
Classical Greek Captial letter Rho
×
Classical Greek Captial letter RhoΡΡΟr
|
Classical Greek Captial letter Sigma
×
Classical Greek Captial letter SigmaΣΣΙΓΜΑs
|
Classical Greek Captial letter Tau
×
Classical Greek Captial letter TauΤΤΑΥt
|
Classical Greek Captial letter Phi
×
Classical Greek Captial letter PhiΦΦΙph
|
Classical Greek Captial letter Chi
×
Classical Greek Captial letter ChiΧΧΙkh
|
Classical Greek Captial letter Psi
×
Classical Greek Captial letter PsiΨΨΙps
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Etruscan | Alphabet 8 c. BCE - 1 c. BCE |
Etruscan letter A
|
Etruscan letter Be
|
Etruscan letter Ke
|
Etruscan letter De
|
Etruscan letter E
|
Etruscan letter Ve
|
Etruscan letter U
|
Etruscan letter Ze
|
Etruscan letter He
|
Etruscan letter The
|
Etruscan letter I
|
Etruscan letter Ka
|
Etruscan letter El
|
Etruscan letter Em
|
Etruscan letter En
|
Etruscan letter Esh
|
Etruscan letter O
|
Etruscan letter Pe
|
Etruscan letter She
|
Etruscan letter Ku
|
Etruscan letter Er
|
Etruscan letter Es
|
Etruscan letter Te
|
Etruscan letter Phe
|
Etruscan letter Eks
|
Etruscan letter Khe
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Latin (Child) | Alphabet 7 c. BCE - Present |
![]() Latin letter A (majuscule) ![]() Latin letter A (minuscule) |
![]() Latin letter B (majuscule) ![]() Latin letter B (minuscule) |
![]() Latin letter C (majuscule) ![]() Latin letter C (minuscule) |
![]() Latin letter G (majuscule) ![]() Latin letter G (minuscule) |
![]() Latin letter D (majuscule) ![]() Latin letter D (minuscule) |
![]() Latin letter E (majuscule) ![]() Latin letter E (minuscule) |
![]() Latin letter F (majuscule) ![]() Latin letter F (minuscule) |
![]() Latin letter Y (majuscule) ![]() Latin letter Y (minuscule) |
![]() Latin letter V (majuscule) ![]() Latin letter V (minuscule) |
![]() Latin letter U (majuscule) ![]() Latin letter U (minuscule) |
![]() Latin letter W (majuscule) ![]() Latin letter W (minuscule) |
![]() Latin letter Z (majuscule) ![]() Latin letter Z (minuscule) |
![]() Latin letter H (majuscule) ![]() Latin letter H (minuscule) |
![]() Latin letter I (majuscule) ![]() Latin letter I (minuscule) |
![]() Latin letter J (majuscule) ![]() Latin letter J (minuscule) |
![]() Latin letter K (majuscule) ![]() Latin letter K (minuscule) |
![]() Latin letter L (majuscule) ![]() Latin letter L (minuscule) |
![]() Latin letter M (majuscule) ![]() Latin letter M (minuscule) |
![]() Latin letter N (majuscule) ![]() Latin letter N (minuscule) |
![]() Latin letter O (majuscule) ![]() Latin letter O (minuscule) |
![]() Latin letter P (majuscule) ![]() Latin letter P (minuscule) |
![]() Latin letter Q (majuscule) ![]() Latin letter Q (minuscule) |
![]() Latin letter R (majuscule) ![]() Latin letter R (minuscule) |
![]() Latin letter S (majuscule) ![]() Latin letter S (minuscule) |
![]() Latin letter T (majuscule) ![]() Latin letter T (minuscule) |
![]() Latin letter X (majuscule) ![]() Latin letter X (minuscule) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Faliscan (Child) | Alphabet 7 c. BCE - 2 c. BCE |
Faliscan letter A
|
Faliscan letter Ke
|
Faliscan letter De
|
Faliscan letter E
|
Faliscan letter U
|
Faliscan letter Ze
|
Faliscan letter He
|
Faliscan letter I
|
Faliscan letter Ka
|
Faliscan letter El
|
Faliscan letter Em
|
Faliscan letter En
|
Faliscan letter O
|
Faliscan letter Pe
|
Faliscan letter Ku
|
Faliscan letter Er
|
Faliscan letter Es
|
Faliscan letter Te
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lepontic (Child) | Alphabet 6 c. BCE - 1 c. BCE |
Lepontic letter A
|
Lepontic letter Ke
|
Lepontic letter E
|
Lepontic letter Ve
|
Lepontic letter U
|
Lepontic letter Ze
|
Lepontic letter The
|
Lepontic letter I
|
Lepontic letter Ka
|
Lepontic letter El
|
Lepontic letter Em
|
Lepontic letter En
|
Lepontic letter O
|
Lepontic letter Pe
|
Lepontic letter She
|
Lepontic letter Er
|
Lepontic letter Es
|
Lepontic letter Te
|
Lepontic letter Khe
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Venetic (Child) | Alphabet 6 c. BCE - 1 c. BCE |
Venetic letter A
|
Venetic letter E
|
Venetic letter Ve
|
Venetic letter U
|
Venetic letter Ze
|
Venetic letter He
|
Venetic letter The
|
Venetic letter I
|
Venetic letter Ka
|
Venetic letter El
|
Venetic letter Em
|
Venetic letter En
|
Venetic letter O
|
Venetic letter Pe
|
Venetic letter She
|
Venetic letter Er
|
Venetic letter Es
|
Venetic letter Te
|
Venetic letter Phe
|
Venetic letter Khe
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| South Picene (Child) | Alphabet 6 c. BCE - 3 c. BCE |
![]() South Picene letter A |
![]() South Picene letter Be |
![]() South Picene letter Ke |
![]() South Picene letter De |
![]() South Picene letter E |
![]() South Picene letter Ve |
![]() South Picene letter U |
![]() South Picene letter He |
![]() South Picene letter I |
![]() South Picene letter Ka |
![]() South Picene letter El |
![]() South Picene letter Em |
![]() South Picene letter En |
![]() South Picene letter O |
![]() South Picene letter P |
![]() South Picene letter Ku |
![]() South Picene letter Er |
![]() South Picene letter Es |
![]() South Picene letter Te |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rhaetic (Child) | Alphabet 5 c. BCE - 1 c. BCE |
![]() Rhaetic letter A (variant 1) ![]() Rhaetic letter A (variant 2) |
![]() Rhaetic letter Ke |
![]() Rhaetic letter Ve |
![]() Rhaetic letter U |
![]() Rhaetic letter Ze |
![]() Rhaetic letter He |
![]() Rhaetic letter I |
![]() Rhaetic letter Ka |
![]() Rhaetic letter El |
![]() Rhaetic letter Em |
![]() Rhaetic letter En |
![]() Rhaetic letter P |
![]() Rhaetic letter She |
![]() Rhaetic letter Er |
![]() Rhaetic letter Es (variant 1) ![]() Rhaetic letter Es (variant 2) |
![]() Rhaetic letter Te (variant 1) ![]() Rhaetic letter Te (variant 2) |
![]() Rhaetic letter Phe |
![]() Rhaetic letter Eks |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Camunian (Child) | Alphabet 5 c. BCE - 50 CE |
![]() Camunian letter A (variant 1) ![]() Camunian letter A (variant 2) ![]() Camunian letter A (variant 3) |
![]() Camunian letter B (variant 1) ![]() Camunian letter B (variant 2) |
![]() Camunian letter G |
![]() Camunian letter E (variant 1) ![]() Camunian letter E (variant 2) ![]() Camunian letter E (variant 3) |
![]() Camunian letter F |
![]() Camunian letter U (variant 1) ![]() Camunian letter U (variant 2) |
![]() Camunian letter Z (variant 1) ![]() Camunian letter Z (variant 2) |
![]() Camunian letter H (variant 1) ![]() Camunian letter H (variant 2) |
![]() Camunian letter Th (variant 1) ![]() Camunian letter Th (variant 2) |
![]() Camunian letter I (variant 1) ![]() Camunian letter I (variant 2) |
![]() Camunian letter K |
![]() Camunian letter L (variant 1) ![]() Camunian letter L (variant 2) |
![]() Camunian letter M (variant 1) ![]() Camunian letter M (variant 2) |
![]() Camunian letter N (variant 1) ![]() Camunian letter N (variant 2) |
![]() Camunian letter O |
![]() Camunian letter P (variant 1) ![]() Camunian letter P (variant 2) |
![]() Camunian letter R (variant 1) ![]() Camunian letter R (variant 2) |
![]() Camunian letter S (variant 1) ![]() Camunian letter S (variant 2) ![]() Camunian letter S (variant 3) |
![]() Camunian letter T (variant 1) ![]() Camunian letter T (variant 2) ![]() Camunian letter T (variant 3) |
![]() Camunian letter Sho (variant 1) ![]() Camunian letter Sho (variant 2) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oscan (Child) | Alphabet 4 c. BCE - 1 c. BCE |
![]() Oscan letter A |
![]() Oscan letter Be |
![]() Oscan letter Ke |
![]() Oscan letter De |
![]() Oscan letter E |
![]() Oscan letter Ve |
![]() Oscan letter U |
![]() Oscan letter Ze |
![]() Oscan letter He |
![]() Oscan letter I |
![]() Oscan letter Ka |
![]() Oscan letter El |
![]() Oscan letter Em |
![]() Oscan letter En |
![]() Oscan letter P |
![]() Oscan letter Er |
![]() Oscan letter Es |
![]() Oscan letter Te |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Umbrian (Child) | Alphabet 4 c. BCE - 1 c. BCE |
![]() Umbrian letter A |
![]() Umbrian letter Be |
![]() Umbrian letter E |
![]() Umbrian letter Ve |
![]() Umbrian letter U |
![]() Umbrian letter Ze |
![]() Umbrian letter He |
![]() Umbrian letter The |
![]() Umbrian letter I |
![]() Umbrian letter Ka |
![]() Umbrian letter El |
![]() Umbrian letter Em |
![]() Umbrian letter En |
![]() Umbrian letter P |
![]() Umbrian letter She |
![]() Umbrian letter Er |
![]() Umbrian letter Es (variant 1) ![]() Umbrian letter Es (variant 2) |
![]() Umbrian letter Te |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1. Daniels, P. T., & Bright, W. (Eds.). (1996). The world’s writing systems. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
2. Maras, D. F. (2022). Mnamon: Etrusco. Laboratorio di Storia, Archeologia, Epigrafia e Tradizione dell’antico (SAET) - Scuola Normale Superiore. https://doi.org/10.25429/SNS.IT/LETTERE/MNAMON048
3. Bonfante, G., & Bonfante, L. (1986). The Etruscan language. Manchester University Press.
4. The Marsiliana Tablet Abecedarium (700 BCE) from the the Banditella Necropolis in Marsiliana d’Albegna. (n.d.). Travelingintuscany.com. Retrieved December 10, 2025, from http://www.travelingintuscany.com/art/art/marsilianatablet.htm
5. Cippus Perusinus. 3 c. BCE - 2 c. BCE. Museo Archeologico Nazionale dell'Umbria, Perugia, Italy. Retrieved December 11, 2025, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cippo_perugino,_con_iscrizione_in_lingua_etrusca_su_un_atto_giuridico_tra_le_famiglie_dei_velthina_e_degli_afuna,_02.jpg and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cippo_perugino,_con_iscrizione_in_lingua_etrusca_su_un_atto_giuridico_tra_le_famiglie_dei_velthina_e_degli_afuna,_01.jpg
6. Colless, Brian E (1990). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Sinai". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 28: 1–52. doi:10.2143/anes.28.0.525711
7. Colless, Brian E (1991). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Canaan". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 29: 18–66. doi:10.2143/anes.29.0.525718
8. Kirchhoff, A (1877). Studien zur geschichte des griechischen alphabets (3rd rev ed.). Berlin: F. Dümmler. OL 24337090M.
9. Torri, G. (2022). Mnamon: Cario. Laboratorio di Storia, Archeologia, Epigrafia e Tradizione dell’antico (SAET) - Scuola Normale Superiore. https://doi.org/10.25429/SNS.IT/LETTERE/MNAMON039
10. Adiego, I. J. (2006). The Carian Language. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
11. Adiego, I. J. (2010). Recent developments in the decipherment of Carian. In C. J.-M. van Bremen Riet (Ed.), Hellenistic Karia. Pessac: Ausonius Éditions. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.ausonius.2732
12. Marchesini, S. (2022). Mnamon: Messapico. Laboratorio di Storia, Archeologia, Epigrafia e Tradizione dell’antico (SAET) - Scuola Normale Superiore. https://doi.org/10.25429/SNS.IT/LETTERE/MNAMON044
13. Everson, M. (2006). Proposal to encode the Lycian and Lydian scripts in the SMP of the UCS. Retrieved December 10, 2025, from dkuug.dk website: http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3019.pdf
14. Marcos, J-J. (2024). Fonts for Greek Paleography. Typofonts.com. https://typofonts.com/GREEK_PALEOGRAPHY.pdf
15. Sinner, A. G., & Velaza, J. (Eds.). (2019). Palaeohispanic languages and epigraphies. Oxford University Press.
16. Little, C. C. (2011). Proposal to Encode Additional Old Italic Characters. Retrieved December 10, 2025, from unicode.org website: https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11146r-old-italic.pdf
17. Marcos, J. J. (2024). PALEOGRAPHIC FONTS. Fonts for Latin paleography. https://www.typofonts.com/palefont.html
18. Maras, D. F. (2022b). Mnamon: Falisco. Laboratorio di Storia, Archeologia, Epigrafia e Tradizione dell’antico (SAET) - Scuola Normale Superiore. https://doi.org/10.25429/SNS.IT/LETTERE/MNAMON050
19. Ciurli, F. (n.d.). Celtic, Lepontic. Mnamon. Retrieved December 10, 2025, from https://mnamon.sns.it/index.php?page=Scrittura&id=59&lang=en
20. Montagnaro, L. (n.d.). Venetic. Mnamon. Retrieved December 10, 2025, from https://mnamon.sns.it/index.php?page=Scrittura&id=31&lang=en
21. South Picene. (n.d.). Mnamon. Retrieved December 10, 2025, from https://mnamon.sns.it/index.php?page=Scrittura&id=62&lang=en
22. Marchesini, S. (2022). Mnamon: Retico. Laboratorio di Storia, Archeologia, Epigrafia e Tradizione dell’antico (SAET) - Scuola Normale Superiore. https://doi.org/10.25429/SNS.IT/LETTERE/MNAMON045
23. Morandi, A. (2004). Epigrafia e lingua dei Celti d’Italia. Civiltà Dell’Italia Antica, II.
24. Oscan. (n.d.). Mnamon. Retrieved December 10, 2025, from https://mnamon.sns.it/index.php?page=Scrittura&id=24&lang=en
25. Ventriglia, A. (n.d.). Umbrian. Mnamon. Retrieved December 10, 2025, from https://mnamon.sns.it/index.php?page=Scrittura&id=36&lang=en
26. Allen, J. P. (2014). Middle Egyptian: An introduction to the language and culture of hieroglyphs. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
27. Albright, William F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and their Decipherment.
28. Davidson, L. (2022, March 18). How the Phoenician Alphabet Revolutionised Language. Retrieved December 10, 2025, from historyhit.com website: https://www.historyhit.com/how-the-phoenician-alphabet-revolutionised-language/
29. Bakker, E. J. (Ed.). (2010). A companion to the ancient Greek language: Bakker/A companion to the ancient Greek language. Wiley-Blackwell.
30. A Companion to the Ancient Greek Christidis, A. F. (Ed.). (2007). A history of ancient Greek: From the beginnings to late antiquity. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.anguage, article by Roger D. (2010). Wiley-Blackwell.
31. De Simone, Carlo (2017). "Messapic". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Vol. 3. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1.
32. Hoz, Javier de (1987). La escritura greco-ibérica. Veleia 2–3, pp. 285–298.