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Writing Scripts Descended from Egyptian Hieroglyphs

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Latin

Alphabet^?1
4 c. BCE - Present^?1

Right-to-left^?1

Latin

Languages^?1

Latin,

Places^?1

???

Evolution^?1-3

Maturing alphabet

Archaic Latin

7 c. BCE - 5 c. BCE

L_A01

Archaic Latin letter A

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Old Latin

5 c. BCE - 2 c. BCE

L_O01

Archaic Latin letter A

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Classical Latin

1 c. BCE - 7 c. CE

L_C01

Classical Latin letter Á

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Ↄ

Ⅎ

Ⱶ

3 letters were created by Emperor Claudius (r. 41 - 54 CE) and were eponymously named after him.
They were used in a limited extent and were abandoned after his death.

Classical Antiquity

Roman Capitals

Capitals are angular letters with straight lines with each letter individually formed distinctly and clearly separated from the others.
Capitals are majuscule.

Roman Square Capitals

Capitalis Quadrata

??? - 5 c. CE

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Square Capitals used in manuscrupts are derived from inscriptions carved on hard materials, such as marble.
While having a reputable impression and being only used in high-grade manuscripts, it is extremely time consuming to write in this hand.

Roman Rustic Capitals

Capitalis Rustica

1 c. CE - 9 c. CE

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This less rigid hand allowed scribes to write more rapidly than with Square Capitals.

Roman Cursives

Roman Cursives were used in day-to-day scenarios by Romans for secular use.

Old Roman Cursive

Antiqua Cursiva Romana

Before 1 c. BCE - 5 c. CE

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Old Roman Cursive is based on Square Capitals.
While a cursive script, letters are more discerete than connected continuously, suggesting it was used to write on wax tablets than on papyrus.

New Roman Cursive

Nova Cursiva Romana

3 c. CE - 7 c. CE

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As wax tablets as a writing medium went out of fashion, New Roman Cursive developed to become more rapidly written with connected letters.

Late Antiquity

Uncials

Uncials are a form of majuscule script. As parchment became more commonly used than papyrus, scribes were able to produce more rounded letterforms.
This hand was likely influenced by Greek Uncials, which are also characterised by their rounded shapes.

Roman Uncials

Uncialis

3 c. CE - 10 c. CE

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Roman Uncials are likely influenced by New Roman Cursive.
As the Roman Empire underwent Christianisation, Latin uncials grew in popularity, gradually replaced Roman Rustic Capitals, which had been commonly used for pagan literature, and became a favoured script for writing Christian texts.

Roman Half-Uncials

Semiuncialis

5 c. CE - 8 c. CE

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Despite the name, Roman Half-Uncials are not likely to be derived from Roman Uncials.

Post-Roman National Hands

Following the collapse of the Roman Empire, there was a lack of a central authority to maintain the consistency of writing across its territories.
As a result, different regions began to develop their own distinct regional styles of writing.

Continental National Hands

East-Frankish

Scriptura Germanica

? c. CE - ? c. CE

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Description of ???

??? ???

???

? c. CE - ? c. CE

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Description of ???

??? ???

???

? c. CE - ? c. CE

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Description of ???

??? ???

???

? c. CE - ? c. CE

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Description of ???

Insular National Hands

??? ???

???

? c. CE - ? c. CE

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Description of ???

Minuscules

Minuscules are derived from Cursives. These eventually replaced Uncials.

Ligatures^?4

Notable ligatures
Greek ligature Tau-Rho × Greek ligature Tau-Rho ⳨ In Pre-Christian times, it served as a symbol for the trikhalkon, a copper coin, from its first two letters. Later standing for σταυρός (stavrós) "cross".	=	Greek majuscule letter Tau	+	Greek majuscule letter Rho

Abbreviations^?5

Nomina sacra

Ιερές συντομογραφίες

Frequently used abbreviations of divine names or titles, typically denoted by capital letters with an overline.

Greek nomen sacrum Theós × Greek nomen sacrum Theós ΘΣ ΘΕΟΣ Theós God (nominative)	Greek nomen sacrum Kyrios × Greek nomen sacrum Kyrios ΚΣ ΚΥΡΙΟΣ Kyrios Lord (nominative)	Greek nomen sacrum Iēsous × Greek nomen sacrum Iēsous ΙΗΣ ΙΗΟΣΟΥΣ Iēsous Jesus (nominative)	Greek nomen sacrum Christós × Greek nomen sacrum Christós ΧΡΣ ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ Christós Christ (nominative)
Greek nomen sacrum Huiós × Greek nomen sacrum Huiós ΥΣ ΥΙΟΣ Huiós Son (nominative)	Greek nomen sacrum Pneuma × Greek nomen sacrum Pneuma ΠΝΑ ΠΝΕΥΜΑ Pneuma Spirit (nominative)	Greek nomen sacrum Staurós × Greek nomen sacrum Staurós ΣΤΣ ΣΤΑΥΡΟΣ Staurós Cross (nominative)	Greek nomen sacrum Patēr × Greek nomen sacrum Patēr ΠΗΡ ΠΑΤΗΡ Patēr Father (nominative)

Modern Latin

As the use of the Latin script spread, regional variants were adopted by modifiying the Latin script for local languages.

Slavic (Indo-European)	Non-Slavic (Indo-European)

Uralic	Turkic

Кирилица

Bulgarian Cyrillic

Majuscule

Bulgarian Cyrillic letter A (majuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter B (majuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter V (majuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter G (majuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter D (majuscule)
Bulgarian Cyrillic letter E (majuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter Ž (majuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter Z (majuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter I (majuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter J (majuscule)
Bulgarian Cyrillic letter K (majuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter L (majuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter M (majuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter N (majuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter O (majuscule)
Bulgarian Cyrillic letter P (majuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter R (majuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter S (majuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter T (majuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter U (majuscule)
Bulgarian Cyrillic letter F (majuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter H (majuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter C (majuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter Č (majuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter Š (majuscule)
Bulgarian Cyrillic letter Št (majuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter Ǎ (majuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter ʹ (majuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter Ju (majuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter Ja (majuscule)

Minuscule

Bulgarian Cyrillic letter A (minuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter B (minuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter V (minuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter G (minuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter D (minuscule)
Bulgarian Cyrillic letter E (minuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter Ž (minuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter Z (minuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter I (minuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter J (minuscule)
Bulgarian Cyrillic letter K (minuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter L (minuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter M (minuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter N (minuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter O (minuscule)
Bulgarian Cyrillic letter P (minuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter R (minuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter S (minuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter T (minuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter U (minuscule)
Bulgarian Cyrillic letter F (minuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter H (minuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter C (minuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter Č (minuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter Š (minuscule)
Bulgarian Cyrillic letter Št (minuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter Ǎ (minuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter ʹ (minuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter Ju (minuscule)	Bulgarian Cyrillic letter Ja (minuscule)

Ћирилица

Serbian Cyrillic

Majuscule

Serbian Cyrillic letter A (majuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter B (majuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter V (majuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter G (majuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter D (majuscule)
Serbian Cyrillic letter Đ (majuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter E (majuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter Ž (majuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter Z (majuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter I (majuscule)
Serbian Cyrillic letter J (majuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter K (majuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter L (majuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter Lj (majuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter M (majuscule)
Serbian Cyrillic letter N (majuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter Nj (majuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter O (majuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter P (majuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter R (majuscule)
Serbian Cyrillic letter S (majuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter T (majuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter Ć (majuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter U (majuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter F (majuscule)
Serbian Cyrillic letter H (majuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter C (majuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter Č (majuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter Dž (majuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter Š (majuscule)

Minuscule

Serbian Cyrillic letter A (minuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter B (minuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter V (minuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter G (minuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter D (minuscule)
Serbian Cyrillic letter Đ (minuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter E (minuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter Ž (minuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter Z (minuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter I (minuscule)
Serbian Cyrillic letter J (minuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter K (minuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter L (minuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter Lj (minuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter M (minuscule)
Serbian Cyrillic letter N (minuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter Nj (minuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter O (minuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter P (minuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter R (minuscule)
Serbian Cyrillic letter S (minuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter T (minuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter Ć (minuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter U (minuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter F (minuscule)
Serbian Cyrillic letter H (minuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter C (minuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter Č (minuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter Dž (minuscule)	Serbian Cyrillic letter Š (minuscule)

Epigraphy

Capitals

Classical Greek Capitals^?6

CG_Epi01

Fragment of a marble stele recording the decree that appointed a commission to take charge of the unfinished Erechtheum and to resume building operations. c. 450-403 BCE, Attica, Greece. (description - here)

Hellenistic Greek Capitals^?7

Marble wall block from the temple of Athena at Priene, inscribed on two sides. The inscription on the front records the gift of funds from Alexander the Great to complete the temple. c. 334-330 BCE, Priene, Ionia. (description - here)

Summary of Paleography and Typography^?

Keyboards^?22

L-QWERTY

Latin QWERTY keyboard on Gboard.
The most commonly used Latin keyboard.

L-AZERTY

Latin AZERTY keyboard on Gboard.
More commonly used in France, Belgium, and Francophone countries.

Script comparison^?1,3,23-30

Writing Script		Head of ox		House plan		Throw stick		Nile tilapia			Man with arms raised				Pear shaped mace				Two diagonal strokes	Plan of rectangular enclosure		Heart and trachea		Arm with downward facing palm		Hand	Crook	Water ripple	Cobra			Reed column			Eye		Mouth	Rush with shoots			Cord on stick	Head	Bow						Crossed sticks
Egyptian Hieroglyphs	Logography 32 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 𓃾 Head of Ox Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ka		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 𓉐 House plan Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 𓌙 Throw stick Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: qema Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/ Conventional Anglicisation: aam		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 𓆛 Bulti fish Phonogram in for: int “bulti”			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 𓀠 Man with arms raised Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 𓌉 Pear shaped mace Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 𓏭 Two diagonal strokes Determinative for duality	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6 𓉗 Plan of rectangular enclosure Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 𓄤 Heart and windpipe Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 𓂣 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 𓂧 Hand Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 𓋿 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 𓈖 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 𓆓 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 𓊽 Reed column Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/ Conventional Anglicisation: djed			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 𓁹 Eye Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 𓂋 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 𓇑 Rush with roots Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 𓎗 Cord on stick Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wedj	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 𓁶 Head Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a 𓌓 Bow Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet						Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 𓏴 Crossed sticks Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”
Etruscan (Parent)	Alphabet 8 c. BCE - 1 c. BCE	Etruscan letter A × Etruscan letter A 𐌀 a IPA: [a] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Alpha.		Etruscan letter Be × Etruscan letter Be 𐌁 b Derived from Archaic Greek letter Beta.		Etruscan letter Ke × Etruscan letter Ke 𐌂 c IPA: [k] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Gamma.		Etruscan letter De × Etruscan letter De 𐌃 d IPA: [d] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Delta.			Etruscan letter E × Etruscan letter E 𐌄 e IPA: [e] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Ei.			Etruscan letter Ve × Etruscan letter Ve 𐌅 v IPA: [w] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Wau.	Etruscan letter U × Etruscan letter U 𐌖 u IPA: [u] Derived from Archaic Greek letter U.				Etruscan letter Ze × Etruscan letter Ze 𐌆 z IPA: [ts] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Zeta.		Etruscan letter He × Etruscan letter He 𐌇 h IPA: [h] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Eta.	Etruscan letter The × Etruscan letter The 𐌈 th IPA: [tʰ] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Theta.		Etruscan letter I × Etruscan letter I 𐌉 i IPA: [i] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Iota.		Etruscan letter Ka × Etruscan letter Ka 𐌊 k IPA: [k] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Kappa.	Etruscan letter El × Etruscan letter El 𐌋 l IPA: [l] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Lambda.	Etruscan letter Em × Etruscan letter Em 𐌌 m IPA: [m] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Mu.	Etruscan letter En × Etruscan letter En 𐌍 n IPA: [n] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Nu.			Etruscan letter Esh × Etruscan letter Esh 𐌎 ś Derived from Archaic Greek letter Xi.			Etruscan letter O × Etruscan letter O 𐌏 o Derived from Archaic Greek letter Omicron.		Etruscan letter Pe × Etruscan letter Pe 𐌐 p IPA: [p] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Pi.	Etruscan letter She × Etruscan letter She 𐌑 sh, σ IPA: [ʃ], [s] Derived from Archaic Greek letter San.			Etruscan letter Ku × Etruscan letter Ku 𐌒 q IPA: [k] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Koppa.	Etruscan letter Er × Etruscan letter Er 𐌛 r IPA: [r] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Rho.	Etruscan letter Es × Etruscan letter Es 𐌔 s IPA: [s], [ʃ] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Sigma.						Etruscan letter Te × Etruscan letter Te 𐌕 t IPA: [t] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Tau.		Etruscan letter Phe × Etruscan letter Phe 𐌘 φ IPA: [pʰ] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Phi.	Etruscan letter Eks × Etruscan letter Eks 𐌗 s̽ Derived from Archaic Greek letter Chi.									Etruscan letter Khe × Etruscan letter Khe 𐌙 χ IPA: [kʰ] Derived from Archaic Greek letter Chi.
Faliscan (Sibling)	Alphabet 7 c. BCE - 2 c. BCE	Faliscan letter A × Faliscan letter A 𐌀 a Derived from Etruscan letter A (𐌀).				Faliscan letter Ke × Faliscan letter Ke 𐌂 c Derived from Etruscan letter Ke (𐌂).		Faliscan letter De × Faliscan letter De 𐌃 d Derived from Etruscan letter De (𐌃).			Faliscan letter E × Faliscan letter E 𐌄 e Derived from Etruscan letter E (𐌄).				Faliscan letter U × Faliscan letter U 𐌖 u Derived from Etruscan letter U (𐌖).				Faliscan letter Ze × Faliscan letter Ze 𐌆 z Derived from Etruscan letter Ze (𐌆).		Faliscan letter He × Faliscan letter He 𐌇 h Derived from Etruscan letter He (𐌇).			Faliscan letter I × Faliscan letter I 𐌉 i Derived from Etruscan letter I (𐌉).		Faliscan letter Ka × Faliscan letter Ka 𐌊 k Derived from Etruscan letter Ka (𐌊).	Faliscan letter El × Faliscan letter El 𐌋 l Derived from Etruscan letter El (𐌋).	Faliscan letter Em × Faliscan letter Em 𐌌 m Derived from Etruscan letter Em (𐌌).	Faliscan letter En × Faliscan letter En 𐌍 n Derived from Etruscan letter En (𐌍).						Faliscan letter O × Faliscan letter O 𐌏 o Derived from Etruscan letter O (𐌏).		Faliscan letter Pe × Faliscan letter Pe 𐌐 p Derived from Etruscan letter Pe (𐌐).				Faliscan letter Ku × Faliscan letter Ku 𐌒 q Derived from Etruscan letter Ku (𐌒).	Faliscan letter Er × Faliscan letter Er 𐌛 r Derived from Etruscan letter Er (𐌛).	Faliscan letter Es × Faliscan letter Es 𐌔 s Derived from Etruscan letter Es (𐌔).						Faliscan letter Te × Faliscan letter Te 𐌕 t Derived from Etruscan letter Te (𐌕).
Lepontic (Sibling)	Alphabet 6 c. BCE - 1 c. BCE	Lepontic letter A × Lepontic letter A 𐌀 a Derived from Etruscan letter A (𐌀).				Lepontic letter Ke × Lepontic letter Ke 𐌂 c Derived from Etruscan letter Ke (𐌂).					Lepontic letter E × Lepontic letter E 𐌄 e Derived from Etruscan letter E (𐌄).			Lepontic letter Ve × Lepontic letter Ve 𐌅 v Derived from Etruscan letter Ve (𐌅).	Lepontic letter U × Lepontic letter U 𐌖 u Derived from Etruscan letter U (𐌖).				Lepontic letter Ze × Lepontic letter Ze 𐌆 z Derived from Etruscan letter Ze (𐌆).			Lepontic letter The × Lepontic letter The 𐌈 th Derived from Etruscan letter The (𐌈).		Lepontic letter I × Lepontic letter I 𐌉 i Derived from Etruscan letter I (𐌉).		Lepontic letter Ka × Lepontic letter Ka 𐌊 k Derived from Etruscan letter Ka (𐌊).	Lepontic letter El × Lepontic letter El 𐌋 l Derived from Etruscan letter El (𐌋).	Lepontic letter Em × Lepontic letter Em 𐌌 m Derived from Etruscan letter Em (𐌌).	Lepontic letter En × Lepontic letter En 𐌍 n Derived from Etruscan letter En (𐌍).						Lepontic letter O × Lepontic letter O o Derived from Etruscan letter O (𐌏).		Lepontic letter Pe × Lepontic letter Pe 𐌐 p Derived from Etruscan letter Pe (𐌐).	Lepontic letter She × Lepontic letter She 𐌑 sh Derived from Etruscan letter She (𐌑).				Lepontic letter Er × Lepontic letter Er 𐌓 r Derived from Etruscan letter Er (𐌛).	Lepontic letter Es × Lepontic letter Es 𐌔 s Derived from Etruscan letter Es (𐌔).						Lepontic letter Te × Lepontic letter Te 𐌕 t Derived from Etruscan letter Te (𐌕).												Lepontic letter Khe × Lepontic letter Khe 𐌙 kh Derived from Etruscan letter Khe (𐌙).
Venetic (Sibling)	Alphabet 6 c. BCE - 1 c. BCE	Venetic letter A × Venetic letter A 𐌀 a Derived from Etruscan letter A (𐌀).									Venetic letter E × Venetic letter E 𐌄 e Derived from Etruscan letter E (𐌄).			Venetic letter Ve × Venetic letter Ve 𐌅 v Derived from Etruscan letter Ve (𐌅).	Venetic letter U × Venetic letter U 𐌖 u Derived from Etruscan letter U (𐌖).				Venetic letter Ze × Venetic letter Ze 𐌆 z Derived from Etruscan letter Ze (𐌆).		Venetic letter He × Venetic letter He 𐌇 h Derived from Etruscan letter He (𐌇).	Venetic letter The × Venetic letter The 𐌈 th Derived from Etruscan letter The (𐌈).		Venetic letter I × Venetic letter I 𐌉 i Derived from Etruscan letter I (𐌉).		Venetic letter Ka × Venetic letter Ka 𐌊 k Derived from Etruscan letter Ka (𐌊).	Venetic letter El × Venetic letter El 𐌋 l Derived from Etruscan letter El (𐌋).	Venetic letter Em × Venetic letter Em 𐌌 m Derived from Etruscan letter Em (𐌌).	Venetic letter En × Venetic letter En 𐌍 n Derived from Etruscan letter En (𐌍).						Venetic letter O × Venetic letter O 𐌏 o Derived from Etruscan letter O (𐌏).		Venetic letter Pe × Venetic letter Pe 𐌐 p Derived from Etruscan letter Pe (𐌐).	Venetic letter She × Venetic letter She 𐌑 sh Derived from Etruscan letter She (𐌑).				Venetic letter Er × Venetic letter Er 𐌓 r Derived from Etruscan letter Er (𐌛).	Venetic letter Es × Venetic letter Es 𐌔 s Derived from Etruscan letter Es (𐌔).						Venetic letter Te × Venetic letter Te 𐌕 t Derived from Etruscan letter Te (𐌕).		Venetic letter Phe × Venetic letter Phe 𐌘 φ Derived from Etruscan letter Phe (𐌘).										Venetic letter Khe × Venetic letter Khe 𐌙 kh Derived from Etruscan letter Khe (𐌙).
South Picene (Sibling)	Alphabet 6 c. BCE - 3 c. BCE	South Picene letter A × South Picene letter A 𐌀 a Derived from Etruscan letter A (𐌀).		South Picene letter Be × South Picene letter Be 𐌁 b Derived from Etruscan letter Be (𐌁).		South Picene letter Ke × South Picene letter Ke 𐌂 c Derived from Etruscan letter Ke (𐌂).		South Picene letter De × South Picene letter De 𐌃 d Derived from Etruscan letter De (𐌃).			South Picene letter E × South Picene letter E 𐌄 e Derived from Etruscan letter E (𐌄).			South Picene letter Ve × South Picene letter Ve 𐌅 v Derived from Etruscan letter Ve (𐌅).	South Picene letter U × South Picene letter U 𐌖 u Derived from Etruscan letter U (𐌖).						South Picene letter He/Ô × South Picene letter He/Ô 𐌇 h/ô Perhaps derived from Etruscan letter He (𐌇).			South Picene letter I × South Picene letter I 𐌉 i Derived from Etruscan letter I (𐌉).		South Picene letter Ka × South Picene letter Ka 𐌊 k Derived from Etruscan letter Ka (𐌊).	South Picene letter El × South Picene letter El 𐌋 l Derived from Etruscan letter El (𐌋).	South Picene letter Em × South Picene letter Em 𐌌 m Derived from Etruscan letter Em (𐌌).	South Picene letter En × South Picene letter En 𐌍 n Derived from Etruscan letter En (𐌍).						South Picene letter O × South Picene letter O 𐌏 o Derived from Etruscan letter O (𐌏).		South Picene letter Pe × South Picene letter Pe 𐌐 p Derived from Etruscan letter Pe (𐌐).				South Picene letter Ku × South Picene letter Ku 𐌒 q Derived from Etruscan letter Ku (𐌒).	South Picene letter Er × South Picene letter Er 𐌛 r Derived from Etruscan letter Er (𐌛).	South Picene letter Es × South Picene letter Es 𐌔 s Derived from Etruscan letter Es (𐌔).						South Picene letter Te × South Picene letter Te 𐌕 t Derived from Etruscan letter Te (𐌕).
Rhaetic (Sibling)	Alphabet 5 c. BCE - 1 c. BCE	Rhaetic letter A × Rhaetic letter A 𐌀 a Derived from Etruscan letter A (𐌀).									Rhaetic letter E × Rhaetic letter E 𐌄 v Derived from Etruscan letter E (𐌄).			Rhaetic letter Ve × Rhaetic letter Ve 𐌅 e Derived from Etruscan letter Ve (𐌅).	Rhaetic letter U × Rhaetic letter U 𐌖 u Derived from Etruscan letter U (𐌖).				Rhaetic letter Ze × Rhaetic letter Ze 𐌆 z Derived from Etruscan letter Ze (𐌆).		Rhaetic letter He × Rhaetic letter He 𐌇 h Derived from Etruscan letter He (𐌇).			Rhaetic letter I × Rhaetic letter I 𐌉 i Derived from Etruscan letter I (𐌉).		Rhaetic letter Ka × Rhaetic letter Ka 𐌊 k Derived from Etruscan letter Ka (𐌊).	Rhaetic letter El × Rhaetic letter El 𐌋 l Derived from Etruscan letter El (𐌋).	Rhaetic letter Em × Rhaetic letter Em 𐌌 m Derived from Etruscan letter Em (𐌌).	Rhaetic letter En × Rhaetic letter En 𐌍 n Derived from Etruscan letter En (𐌍).								Rhaetic letter Pe × Rhaetic letter Pe 𐌐 p Derived from Etruscan letter Pe (𐌐).	Rhaetic letter She × Rhaetic letter She 𐌑 sh Derived from Etruscan letter She (𐌑).				Rhaetic letter Er × Rhaetic letter Er 𐌓 r Derived from Etruscan letter Er (𐌛).	Rhaetic letter Es × Rhaetic letter Es 𐌔 s Derived from Etruscan letter Es (𐌔).						Rhaetic letter Te × Rhaetic letter Te 𐌕 t Derived from Etruscan letter Te (𐌕).		Rhaetic letter Phe × Rhaetic letter Phe 𐌘 φ Derived from Etruscan letter Phe (𐌘).										Rhaetic letter Khe × Rhaetic letter Khe 𐌙 kh Derived from Etruscan letter Khe (𐌙).
Camunian (Sibling)	Alphabet 5 c. BCE - 50 CE	Camunian letter A × Camunian letter A 𐌀 a Derived from Etruscan letter A (𐌀).		Camunian letter Be × Camunian letter Be 𐌁 b Likely derived from Etruscan letter Be (𐌁).		Camunian letter Ke × Camunian letter Ke 𐌂 c Derived from Etruscan letter Ke (𐌂).					Camunian letter E × Camunian letter E 𐌄 e Derived from Etruscan letter E (𐌄).				Camunian letter U × Camunian letter U 𐌖 u Derived from Etruscan letter U (𐌖).				Camunian letter Ze × Camunian letter Ze 𐌆 z Derived from Etruscan letter Ze (𐌆).			Camunian letter The × Camunian letter The 𐌈 th Derived from Etruscan letter The (𐌈).		Camunian letter I × Camunian letter I 𐌉 i Derived from Etruscan letter I (𐌉).		Camunian letter Ka × Camunian letter Ka 𐌊 k Derived from Etruscan letter Ka (𐌊).	Camunian letter El × Camunian letter El 𐌋 l Derived from Etruscan letter El (𐌋).	Camunian letter Em × Camunian letter Em 𐌌 m Derived from Etruscan letter Em (𐌌).	Camunian letter En × Camunian letter En 𐌍 n Derived from Etruscan letter En (𐌍).						Camunian letter O × Camunian letter O 𐌏 o Derived from Etruscan letter O (𐌏).		Camunian letter Pe × Camunian letter Pe 𐌐 p Derived from Etruscan letter Pe (𐌐).	Camunian letter She × Camunian letter She 𐌑 sh Derived from Etruscan letter She (𐌑).			Camunian letter Ku × Camunian letter Ku 𐌒 q Derived from Etruscan letter Ku (𐌒).	Camunian letter Er × Camunian letter Er 𐌛 r Derived from Etruscan letter Er (𐌛).	Camunian letter Es × Camunian letter Es 𐌔 s Derived from Etruscan letter Es (𐌔).						Camunian letter Te × Camunian letter Te 𐌕 t Derived from Etruscan letter Te (𐌕).												Camunian letter Ge × Camunian letter Ge 𐌙 g Derived from Etruscan letter Khe (𐌙).
Oscan (Sibling)	Alphabet 4 c. BCE - 1 c. BCE	Oscan letter A × Oscan letter A 𐌀 a IPA: [a] Derived from Etruscan letter A (𐌀).		Oscan letter Be × Oscan letter Be 𐌁 b IPA: [b] Derived from Etruscan letter Be (𐌁).		Oscan letter Ge × Oscan letter Ge 𐌂 g IPA: [g] Derived from Etruscan letter Ke (𐌂).		Oscan letter De × Oscan letter De 𐌃 d IPA: [d] Derived from Etruscan letter De (𐌃).			Oscan letter E × Oscan letter E 𐌄 e IPA: [e], [ε] Derived from Etruscan letter E (𐌄).			Oscan letter Ve × Oscan letter Ve 𐌅 v IPA: [w] Derived from Etruscan letter Ve (𐌅).	Oscan letter U × Oscan letter U 𐌖 u IPA: [u] Derived from Etruscan letter U (𐌖).				Oscan letter Ze × Oscan letter Ze 𐌆 z IPA: [z], [ts], [dz] Derived from Etruscan letter Ze (𐌆).		Oscan letter He × Oscan letter He 𐌇 h IPA: [h] Derived from Etruscan letter He (𐌇).			Oscan letter I × Oscan letter I 𐌉 i IPA: [i] Derived from Etruscan letter I (𐌉).		Oscan letter Ka × Oscan letter Ka 𐌊 k IPA: [k] Derived from Etruscan letter Ka (𐌊).	Oscan letter El × Oscan letter El 𐌋 l IPA: [l] Derived from Etruscan letter El (𐌋).	Oscan letter Em × Oscan letter Em 𐌌 m IPA: [m] Derived from Etruscan letter Em (𐌌).	Oscan letter En × Oscan letter En 𐌍 n IPA: [n] Derived from Etruscan letter En (𐌍).								Oscan letter Pe × Oscan letter Pe 𐌐 p IPA: [p] Derived from Etruscan letter Pe (𐌐).					Oscan letter Er × Oscan letter Er 𐌓 r IPA: [r] Derived from Etruscan letter Er (𐌛).	Oscan letter Es × Oscan letter Es 𐌔 s IPA: [s] Derived from Etruscan letter Es (𐌔).						Oscan letter Te × Oscan letter Te 𐌕 t IPA: [t] Derived from Etruscan letter Te (𐌕).
Umbrian (Sibling)	Alphabet 4 c. BCE - 1 c. BCE	Umbrian letter A × Umbrian letter A 𐌀 a IPA: [a] Derived from Etruscan letter A (𐌀).		Umbrian letter Be × Umbrian letter Be 𐌁 b IPA: [b] Derived from Etruscan letter Be (𐌁).							Umbrian letter E × Umbrian letter E 𐌄 e IPA: [e] Derived from Etruscan letter E (𐌄).			Umbrian letter Ve × Umbrian letter Ve 𐌅 v IPA: [w] Derived from Etruscan letter Ve (𐌅).	Umbrian letter U × Umbrian letter U 𐌖 u IPA: [u], [o] Derived from Etruscan letter U (𐌖).				Umbrian letter Ze × Umbrian letter Ze 𐌆 z IPA: [ts] Derived from Etruscan letter Ze (𐌆).		Umbrian letter He × Umbrian letter He 𐌇 h IPA: [h] Derived from Etruscan letter He (𐌇).	Umbrian letter The × Umbrian letter The 𐌈 th IPA: [t], [d] Derived from Etruscan letter The (𐌈).		Umbrian letter I × Umbrian letter I 𐌉 i IPA: [i] Derived from Etruscan letter I (𐌉).		Umbrian letter Ka × Umbrian letter Ka 𐌊 k IPA: [k], [g] Derived from Etruscan letter Ka (𐌊).	Umbrian letter El × Umbrian letter El 𐌋 l IPA: [l] Derived from Etruscan letter El (𐌋).	Umbrian letter Em × Umbrian letter Em 𐌌 m IPA: [m] Derived from Etruscan letter Em (𐌌).	Umbrian letter En × Umbrian letter En 𐌍 n IPA: [n] Derived from Etruscan letter En (𐌍).								Umbrian letter Pe × Umbrian letter Pe 𐌐 p IPA: [p] Derived from Etruscan letter Pe (𐌐).	Umbrian letter She × Umbrian letter She 𐌑 sh Derived from Etruscan letter She (𐌑).				Umbrian letter Er × Umbrian letter Er 𐌓 r IPA: [r] Derived from Etruscan letter Er (𐌛).	Umbrian letter Es × Umbrian letter Es 𐌔 s IPA: [s] Derived from Etruscan letter Es (𐌔).						Umbrian letter Te × Umbrian letter Te 𐌕 t IPA: [t], [d] Derived from Etruscan letter Te (𐌕).
Latin	Alphabet 7 c. BCE - Present	Latin letter A (majuscule) Latin letter A (minuscule)		Latin letter B (majuscule) Latin letter B (minuscule)		Latin letter C (majuscule) Latin letter C (minuscule)	Latin letter G (majuscule) Latin letter G (minuscule)	Latin letter D (majuscule) Latin letter D (minuscule)			Latin letter E (majuscule) Latin letter E (minuscule)			Latin letter F (majuscule) Latin letter F (minuscule)	Latin letter Y (majuscule) Latin letter Y (minuscule)	Latin letter V (majuscule) Latin letter V (minuscule)	Latin letter U (majuscule) Latin letter U (minuscule)	Latin letter W (majuscule) Latin letter W (minuscule)	Latin letter Z (majuscule) Latin letter Z (minuscule)	Latin letter H (majuscule) Latin letter H (minuscule)				Latin letter I (majuscule) Latin letter I (minuscule)	Latin letter J (majuscule) Latin letter J (minuscule)	Latin letter K (majuscule) Latin letter K (minuscule)	Latin letter L (majuscule) Latin letter L (minuscule)	Latin letter M (majuscule) Latin letter M (minuscule)	Latin letter N (majuscule) Latin letter N (minuscule)						Latin letter O (majuscule) Latin letter O (minuscule)		Latin letter P (majuscule) Latin letter P (minuscule)				Latin letter Q (majuscule) Latin letter Q (minuscule)	Latin letter R (majuscule) Latin letter R (minuscule)	Latin letter S (majuscule) Latin letter S (minuscule)						Latin letter T (majuscule) Latin letter T (minuscule)			Latin letter X (majuscule) Latin letter X (minuscule)

Lineage^{?1,3,28,29,31-42}

Egyptian Hieroglyphs
↳Hieratic Egyptian
↳Proto-Sinaitic
↳Phoenician
↳Archaic Greek
↳Etruscan
↳Archaic Latin
↳Old Latin
↳Classical Latin
↳Medieval Latin
↳Modern Latin
↳Faliscan
↳Lepontic
↳Venetic
↳South Picene
↳Rhaetic
↳Camunian
↳Oscan
↳Umbrian

Hebrew1

Hebrew2

References

1. Daniels, P. T., & Bright, W. (Eds.). (1996). The world’s writing systems. Oxford University Press.
2. D’Alessandro, G., Ortimini, P., & Papapicco, A. (2022). Mnamon: Greco alfabetico. Laboratorio di Storia, Archeologia, Epigrafia e Tradizione dell’antico (SAET) - Scuola Normale Superiore. https://doi.org/10.25429/SNS.IT/LETTERE/MNAMON029
3. Marcos, J-J. (2024). Fonts for Greek Paleography. Typofonts.com. https://typofonts.com/GREEK_PALEOGRAPHY.pdf
4. Syropoulos, A. (2007). The Philokalia Package. https://web.archive.org/web/20120525190919/http://www.math.washington.edu/tex-archive/fonts/philokalia/philokalia.pdf
5. Metzger, B. M. (1981). Manuscripts of the Greek bible: An introduction to palaeography. Oxford University Press.
6. 693356001. British Museum, London, United Kingdom. 450BCE to 403 BCE. Retrieved July 14, 2025, from https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1816-0610-273
7. 353521001. British Museum, London, United Kingdom. 334 BCE to 330 BCE Retrieved July 14, 2025, from https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1870-0320-88
8. Oxford Papyrology (2022). P.Oxy. XXIII 2363. Bacchylides, Epinicians. University of Oxford. Online resource. https://doi.org/10.25446/oxford.21164029.v1
9. P.Hawara 24-28 (Bodleian Libr., Gr. Class. A.1 (P)). Cairo Museum, Cairo, Egypt. c. 2 c. CE. Retrieved July 15, 2025, from http://ipap.csad.ox.ac.uk/4DLink4/4DACTION/IPAPwebquery?vPub=Pack&vVol=&vNum=616
10. P.Bodmer XXIV (Rahlfs 2110). Museum of the Bible, Washington, DC, United States. c. 225–325 CE. Retrieved July 15, 2025, from https://collections.museumofthebible.org/artifacts/42463-pbodmer-xxiv-rahlfs-2110
11. Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis. University of Cambridge, Cambrifdge, United Kingdom. c. 3 c. CE. Retrieved July 15, 2025, from https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-NN-00002-00041/15
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Acknowledgements: Many thanks to Juan-José Marcos' resources to assist in this page's creation.