Main page

Abecedary^1,4

Ulfilas, a Gothic bishop and missionary of Cappadocian Greek descent, created the Gothic alphabet.

Gothic letter Aza/Ahsa × Gothic letter Aza/Ahsa 𐌰 𐌰𐌶𐌰 / 𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌰 God a IPA: /a, aː/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Alpha (Α). Numerical value: 1	Gothic letter Bercna/Bairkan × Gothic letter Bercna/Bairkan 𐌱 𐌱𐌴𐍂𐌺𐌽𐌰 / 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽 birch b IPA: /b/, [b, β] Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Beta (Β). Numerical value: 2	Gothic letter Geuua/Giba × Gothic letter Geuua/Giba 𐌲 𐌲𐌴𐌿𐌿𐌰 / 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰 gift g IPA: /ɡ/, [ɡ, ɣ, x]; /n/, [ŋ] Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Gamma (Γ). Numerical value: 3	Gothic letter Daaz/Dags × Gothic letter Daaz/Dags 𐌳 𐌳𐌰𐌰𐌶 / 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 day d IPA: /d/, [d, ð] Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Delta (Δ). Numerical value: 4	Gothic letter Eyz/Aihvus × Gothic letter Eyz/Aihvus 𐌴 𐌴𐌹𐍅𐍃 / 𐌰𐌹𐍈𐍃 horse/yew e IPA: /eː/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Epsilon (Ε). Numerical value: 5
Gothic letter Quertra/Qairthra × Gothic letter Quertra/Qairthra 𐌵 𐌵𐌿𐌴𐍂𐍄𐍂𐌰 / 𐌵𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐌷𐍂𐌰 millstone q IPA: /kʷ/ Perhaps derived from cursive variant of Greek letter Digamma (ϛ), ligature Stigma (ϛ), or cursive variant of letter Kappa (ϰ). Numerical value: 6	Gothic letter Ezec/Iuja × Gothic letter Ze 𐌶 𐌴𐌶𐌴𐌺 / 𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰 ? z IPA: /z/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Zeta (Ζ). Numerical value: 7	Gothic letter Haal/Hagl × Gothic letter Haal/Hagl 𐌷 𐌷𐌰𐌰𐌻 / 𐌷𐌰𐌲𐌻 hail h IPA: /h/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Heta (Η). Numerical value: 8	Gothic letter Thyth/Thiuth × Gothic letter Thyth/Thiuth 𐌸 𐌸𐌹𐌸 / 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌸 good þ (th) IPA: /θ/ Derived from cursive form of Greek letter Theta (ϑ) or letter Phi (Φ). Numerical value: 9	Gothic letter Iiz/Eis × Gothic letter Iiz/Eis 𐌹 𐌹𐌹𐌶 / 𐌴𐌹𐍃 ice i IPA: /i/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Iota (Ι). Numerical value: 10
Gothic letter Chozma/Kuzma × Gothic letter Chozma/Kuzma 𐌺 𐌺𐍉𐌶𐌼𐌰 / 𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌼𐌰 pine sap k IPA: /k/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Kappa (Κ). Numerical value: 20	Gothic letter Laaz/Lagus × Gothic letter Laaz/Lagus 𐌻 𐌻𐌰𐌰𐌶 / 𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌿𐍃 sea, lake l IPA: /l/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Lambda (Λ). Numerical value: 30	Gothic letter Manna × Gothic letter Manna 𐌼 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰 man, human m IPA: /m/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Mu (Μ). Numerical value: 40	Gothic letter Noicz/Nauths × Gothic letter Noicz/Nauths 𐌽 𐌽𐍉𐌹𐌺𐌶 / 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 need n IPA: /n/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Nu (Ν). Numerical value: 50	Gothic letter Gaar/Jer × Gothic letter Gaar/Jer 𐌾 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐍂 / 𐌾𐌴𐍂 year, harvest j IPA: /j/ Derived from Classical Latin letter Gé (G), or perhaps Roman Greek Uncial letter Xi (ξ), or Elder Futhark letter *Jēra- (ᛃ). Numerical value: 60
Gothic letter Uraz/Urus × Gothic letter Uraz/Urus 𐌿 𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶 / 𐌿𐍂𐌿𐍃 aurochs u IPA: /u, uː/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter ?*Ūruz (ᚢ). Numerical value: 70	Gothic letter Pertra/Paithra × Gothic letter Pertra/Paithra 𐍀 𐍀𐌴𐍂𐍄𐍂𐌰 / 𐍀𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 ? p IPA: /p/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Pi (Π). Numerical value: 80	Gothic number 90 × Gothic number 90 𐍁 Derived from cursive variant of Greek letter Koppa (Ϙ). Numerical value: 90	Gothic letter Reda/Raida × Gothic letter Reda/Raida 𐍂 𐍂𐌴𐌳𐌰 / 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 wagon r IPA: /r/ Derived from Classical Latin letter Er (R). Numerical value: 100	Gothic letter Sugil/Sauil × Gothic letter Sugil/Sauil 𐍃 𐍃𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌻 / 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌹𐌻 sun s IPA: /s/ Derived from Classical Latin letter Es (S). Numerical value: 200
Gothic letter Tyz/Teiws × Gothic letter Tyz/Teiws 𐍄 𐍄𐍅𐌶 / 𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍃 The god Týr t IPA: /t/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Tau (Τ). Numerical value: 300	Gothic letter Uuinne/Winja × Gothic letter Uuinne/Winja 𐍅 𐌿𐌿𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌴 / 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰 field, pasture w IPA: /w/; /y/~/i/(?) Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Upsilon (Υ). Numerical value: 400	Gothic letter Fe/Faihu × Gothic letter Fe/Faihu 𐍆 𐍆𐌴 / 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 wealth, chattel f IPA: /ɸ/ Derived from Classical Latin letter Ef (F). Numerical value: 500	Gothic letter Enguz/Iggws × Gothic letter Enguz/Iggws 𐍇 𐌴𐌽𐌲𐌿𐌶 / 𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃 The god Yngvi x IPA: /k/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Chi (Χ). Numerical value: 600	Gothic letter Uuaer/Hwair × Gothic letter Uuaer/Hwair 𐍈 𐌿𐌿𐌰𐌴𐍂 / 𐍈𐌰𐌹𐍂 kettle ƕ (hw) IPA: /hʷ/~/ʍ/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Theta (Θ). Numerical value: 700
Gothic letter Utal/Othal × Gothic letter Utal/Othal 𐍉 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌻 / 𐍉𐌸𐌰𐌻 ancestral land o (ō) IPA: /oː/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Omega (Ω) or Elder Futhark letter *Ōþala (ᛟ). Numerical value: 800	Gothic number 900 × Gothic number 900 𐍊 Derived from Roman Greek letter Sampi (ͳ). Numerical value: 900

Abbreviations

Nomina sacra¹

Frequently used abbreviations of divine names or titles, typically denoted by letters with an overline.

Gothic nomen sacrum Iesus

Gothic nomen sacrum Xristus

Gothic nomen sacrum Frauja

Writing Script		Head of ox	House plan	Throw stick		Nile tilapia	Man with arms raised		Pear shaped mace		Two diagonal strokes	Plan of rectangular enclosure		Heart and trachea	Arm with downward facing palm	Hand	Crook	Water ripple	Cobra	Reed column		Eye	Mouth	Rush with shoots	Cord on stick	Head	Bow	Crossed sticks
Egyptian Hieroglyphs	Logography 32 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 𓃾 Head of Ox Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ka	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 𓉐 House plan Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 𓌙 Throw stick Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: qema Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/ Conventional Anglicisation: aam		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 𓆛 Bulti fish Phonogram in for: int “bulti”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 𓀠 Man with arms raised Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 𓌉 Pear shaped mace Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 𓏭 Two diagonal strokes Determinative for duality	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6 𓉗 Plan of rectangular enclosure Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 𓄤 Heart and windpipe Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 𓂣 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 𓂧 Hand Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 𓋿 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 𓈖 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 𓆓 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 𓊽 Reed column Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/ Conventional Anglicisation: djed		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 𓁹 Eye Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 𓂋 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 𓇑 Rush with roots Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 𓎗 Cord on stick Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wedj	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 𓁶 Head Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a 𓌓 Bow Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 𓏴 Crossed sticks Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”
Archaic Greek (Ancestor)	Alphabet 8 c. BCE - 4 c. BCE	Archaic Greek letter Alpha × Archaic Greek letter Alpha a IPA: /a/, /aː/ Derived from Phoenician letter ʾālep (𐤀). Numerical value: 1	Archaic Greek letter Beta × Archaic Greek letter Beta b IPA: /b/ Derived from Phoenician letter Bēt (𐤁). Numerical value: 2	Archaic Greek letter Gamma × Archaic Greek letter Gamma g IPA: /ɡ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Gīml (𐤂). Numerical value: 3		Archaic Greek letter Delta × Archaic Greek letter Delta d IPA: /d/ Derived from Phoenician letter Dālet (𐤃). Numerical value: 4	Archaic Greek letter Ei × Archaic Greek letter Ei e IPA: /e/, /eː/ Derived from Phoenician letter He (𐤄). Numerical value: 5	Archaic Greek letter Wau × Archaic Greek letter Wau w IPA: /w/ Derived from Phoenician letter Wāw (𐤅). Numerical value: 400	Archaic Greek letter U × Archaic Greek letter U u IPA: /u/, /uː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Wāw (𐤅). Numerical value: 400		Archaic Greek letter Zeta × Archaic Greek letter Zeta z IPA: [zd](?) Derived from Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin (𐤆). Numerical value: 7	Archaic Greek letter Eta (eastern variant) × Archaic Greek letter Eta (eastern variant) h IPA: /h/, /ɛː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Hēt (𐤇). Numerical value: 8	Archaic Greek letter Eta (southern/western variant) × Archaic Greek letter Eta (southern/western variant) h IPA: /h/, /ɛː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Hēt (𐤇). Numerical value: 8	Archaic Greek letter Theta × Archaic Greek letter Theta th IPA: /tʰ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṭēt (𐤈). Numerical value: 9	Archaic Greek letter Iota × Archaic Greek letter Iota i IPA: /i/, /iː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Yod (𐤉). Numerical value: 10	Archaic Greek letter Kappa × Archaic Greek letter Kappa k IPA: /k/ Derived from Phoenician letter Kāp (𐤊). Numerical value: 20	Archaic Greek letter Lambda × Archaic Greek letter Lambda l IPA: /l/ Derived from Phoenician letter Lāmed (𐤋). Numerical value: 30	Archaic Greek letter Mu × Archaic Greek letter Mu m IPA: /m/ Derived from Phoenician letter Mēm (𐤌). Numerical value: 40	Archaic Greek letter Nu × Archaic Greek letter Nu n IPA: /n/ Derived from Phoenician letter Nūn (𐤍). Numerical value: 50	Archaic Greek letter Xi (eastern variant) × Archaic Greek letter Xi (eastern variant) ks IPA: /ks/ Derived from Phoenician letter Śāmek (𐤎). Numerical value: 60	Archaic Greek letter Ō × Archaic Greek letter Ō o IPA: /ɔː/ Derived from Archaic Greek letter Ou. Numerical value: 800	Archaic Greek letter Ou × Archaic Greek letter Ou o IPA: /o/, /oː/ Derived from Phoenician letter ʿayin (𐤏). Numerical value: 70	Archaic Greek letter Pi × Archaic Greek letter Pi p IPA: /p/ Derived from Phoenician letter Pē (𐤐). Numerical value: 80	Archaic Greek letter San × Archaic Greek letter San s IPA: /s/ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṩādē (𐤑). Archaic Greek letter Sampi × Archaic Greek letter Sampi ͳ ss or ts IPA: /ss/ or /ts/ Numerical value: 900	Archaic Greek letter Koppa × Archaic Greek letter Koppa k IPA: /k/ Derived from Phoenician letter Qōp (𐤒). Numerical value: 90	Archaic Greek letter Rho × Archaic Greek letter Rho r IPA: /r/ Derived from Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh (𐤓). Numerical value: 100	Archaic Greek letter Sigma × Archaic Greek letter Sigma s IPA: /s/ Derived from Phoenician letter Šīn (𐤔). Numerical value: 200	Archaic Greek letter Tau × Archaic Greek letter Tau t IPA: /t/ Derived from Phoenician letter Tāw (𐤕). Numerical value: 300	Archaic Greek letter Phi × Archaic Greek letter Phi ph IPA: /pʰ/ Likely derived from Phoenician letter Qōp (𐤒). Numerical value: 500	Archaic Greek letter Chi (western variant) × Archaic Greek letter Chi (western variant) kh IPA: /kʰ/ Numerical value: 600 Archaic Greek letter Chi (eastern variant) × Archaic Greek letter Chi (eastern variant) kh IPA: /kʰ/ Numerical value: 600	Archaic Greek letter Psi × Archaic Greek letter Psi ps IPA: /ps/ Numerical value: 700
Roman Greek Uncials (Parent)	Alphabet 30 BCE - c. 280 CE	Roman Greek Uncial letter Alpha × Roman Greek Uncial letter Alpha Α ΑΛΦΑ a IPA: /ɑ/ Derived from Ptolemaic Greek Uncial letter Alpha (Α). Numerical value: 1	Roman Greek Uncial letter Beta × Roman Greek Uncial letter Beta Β ΒΗΤΑ b IPA: /b/ ([b, β]) Derived from Ptolemaic Greek Uncial letter Beta (Β). Numerical value: 2	Roman Greek Uncial letter Gamma × Roman Greek Uncial letter Gamma Γ ΓΑΜΜΑ g IPA: /ɣ/ ([ɣ, g, ʝ]) Derived from Ptolemaic Greek Uncial letter Gamma (Γ). Numerical value: 3		Roman Greek Uncial letter Delta × Roman Greek Uncial letter Delta Δ ΔΕΛΤΑ d IPA: /d/ Derived from Ptolemaic Greek Uncial letter Delta (Δ). Numerical value: 4	Roman Greek Uncial letter Epsilon × Roman Greek letter Epsilon Ε ΕΨΙΛΟΝ Simple E e IPA: /ɛ/ Derived from Ptolemaic Greek Uncial letter Epsilon (Ε). Numerical value: 5		Roman Greek Uncial letter Upsilon × Roman Greek Uncial letter Upsilon Υ ΥΨΙΛΟΝ Simple U y IPA: /y/ Derived from Ptolemaic Greek Uncial letter Upsilon (Υ). Numerical value: 400		Roman Greek Uncial letter Zeta × Roman Greek Uncial letter Zeta Ζ ΖΗΤΑ z IPA: /z/ Derived from Ptolemaic Greek Uncial letter Zeta (Ζ). Numerical value: 7	Roman Greek Uncial letter Eta × Roman Greek Uncial letter Eta Η ΗΤΑ ē IPA: [e] Derived from Ptolemaic Greek Uncial letter Eta (Η). Numerical value: 8		Roman Greek Uncial letter Theta × Roman Greek Uncial letter Theta Θ ΘΗΤΑ th IPA: /tʰ/ Derived from Ptolemaic Greek Uncial letter Theta (Θ). Numerical value: 9	Roman Greek Uncial letter Iota × Roman Greek Uncial letter Iota Ι ΙΩΤΑ i IPA: /i/ Derived from Ptolemaic Greek Uncial letter Iota (Ι). Numerical value: 10	Roman Greek Uncial letter Kappa × Roman Greek Uncial letter Kappa Κ ΚΑΠΠΑ k IPA: /k/ ([k, g]) Derived from Ptolemaic Greek Uncial letter Kappa (Κ). Numerical value: 20	Roman Greek Uncial letter Lambda × Roman Greek Uncial letter Lambda Λ ΛΑΜΒΔΑ l IPA: /l/, possibly [ʎ] Derived from Ptolemaic Greek Uncial letter Lambda (Λ). Numerical value: 30	Roman Greek Uncial letter Mu × Roman Greek Uncial letter Mu Μ ΜΥ m IPA: /m/ Derived from Ptolemaic Greek Uncial letter Mu (Μ). Numerical value: 40	Roman Greek Uncial letter Nu × Roman Greek Uncial letter Nu Ν ΝΥ n IPA: /n/ ([n, m]) Derived from Ptolemaic Greek Uncial letter Nu (Ν). Numerical value: 50	Roman Greek Uncial letter Xi × Roman Greek Uncial letter Xi Ξ ΞΙ ks IPA: /ks/ Derived from Ptolemaic Greek Uncial letter Xi (Ξ). Numerical value: 60	Roman Greek Uncial letter Omega × Roman Greek Uncial letter Omega Ω ΩΜΕΓΑ Big O o IPA: /o/ Derived from Ptolemaic Greek Uncial letter Omega (Ω). Numerical value: 800	Roman Greek Uncial letter Omicron × Roman Greek Uncial letter Omicron Ο ΟΜΙΚΡΟΝ Small O o IPA: /o̞/ Derived from Ptolemaic Greek Uncial letter Omicron (Ο). Numerical value: 70	Roman Greek Uncial letter Pi × Roman Greek Captial letter Pi Π ΠΙ p IPA: /p/ ([p, b]) Derived from Ptolemaic Greek Uncial letter Pi (Π). Numerical value: 80	Roman Greek letter Sampi × Roman Greek letter Sampi ΣΑΜΠΙ "like a Pi (Π)" Derived from Classical Greek letter Sampi (ͳ). Numerical value: 900		Roman Greek Uncial letter Rho × Roman Greek Uncial letter Rho Ρ ΡΟ r IPA: /r/ Derived from Ptolemaic Greek Uncial letter Rho (Ρ). Numerical value: 100	Roman Greek Uncial letter Sigma × Roman Greek Uncial letter Sigma Σ ΣΙΓΜΑ s IPA: /s/ ([s, z]) Derived from Ptolemaic Greek Uncial letter Sigma (Σ). Numerical value: 200	Roman Greek Uncial letter Tau × Roman Greek Uncial letter Tau Τ ΤΑΥ t IPA: /t/ ([t, d]) Derived from Ptolemaic Greek Uncial letter Tau (Τ). Numerical value: 300	Roman Greek Uncial letter Phi × Roman Greek Uncial letter Phi Φ ΦΙ ph IPA: /pʰ/ Derived from Ptolemaic Greek Uncial letter Phi (Φ). Numerical value: 500	Roman Greek Uncial letter Chi × Roman Greek Uncial letter Chi Χ ΧΙ kh IPA: /kʰ/ Derived from Ptolemaic Greek Uncial letter Chi (Χ). Numerical value: 600	Roman Greek Uncial letter Psi × Roman Greek Uncial letter Psi Ψ ΨΙ ps IPA: /ps/ Derived from Ptolemaic Greek Uncial letter Psi (Ψ). Numerical value: 700
Classical Latin (Contributor)	Alphabet 1 c. BCE - 7 c. CE	Classical Latin letter Á × Classical Latin letter Á A a IPA: /a/, /aː/ Derived from Old Latin letter A (A).	Classical Latin letter Bé × Classical Latin letter Bé B b IPA: /b/ Derived from Old Latin letter Be (B).	Classical Latin letter Cé × Classical Latin letter Cé C c IPA: /k/ Derived from Old Latin letter Ke (C). Numerical value: 100	Classical Latin letter Gé × Classical Latin letter Gé G g IPA: /g/ Derived from Old Latin letter Ge (G).	Classical Latin letter Dé × Classical Latin letter Dé D d IPA: /d/ Derived from Old Latin letter De (D). Numerical value: 500	Classical Latin letter É × Classical Latin letter É E e IPA: /e/, /eː/ Derived from Old Latin letter E (E).	Classical Latin letter Ef × Classical Latin letter Ef F f IPA: /f/ Derived from Old Latin letter Ef (F).	Classical Latin letter I Graeca × Classical Latin letter I Graeca Y Greek I y IPA: /y/, /yː/ Derived from Hellenistic Greek Captial letter Upsilon (Υ).	Classical Latin letter V́ × Classical Latin letter V́ V u,w IPA: /u/, /uː/ Derived from Old Latin letter V (V). Numerical value: 5	Classical Latin letter Zéta × Classical Latin letter Zéta Z z IPA: /z/ Derived from Hellenistic Greek Captial letter Zeta (Ζ).		Classical Latin letter Há × Classical Latin letter Há H h IPA: /h/ Derived from Old Latin letter He (H).		Classical Latin letter I × Classical Latin letter I I i IPA: /i/, /iː/, /j/ Derived from Old Latin letter I (I). Numerical value: 1	Classical Latin letter Ká × Classical Latin letter Ká K k IPA: /k/ Derived from Old Latin letter Ka (K).	Classical Latin letter El × Classical Latin letter El L l IPA: /l/ Derived from Old Latin letter El (L). Numerical value: 50	Classical Latin letter Em × Classical Latin letter Em M m IPA: /m/ Derived from Old Latin letter Em (M). Numerical value: 1000	Classical Latin letter En × Classical Latin letter En N n IPA: /n/ Derived from Old Latin letter En (N).			Classical Latin letter Ó × Classical Latin letter Ó O o IPA: /o/, /oː/ Derived from Old Latin letter O (O).	Classical Latin letter Pé × Classical Latin letter Pé P p IPA: /p/ Derived from Old Latin letter Pe (P).		Classical Latin letter Qú × Classical Latin letter Qú Q q IPA: /k/ Derived from Old Latin letter Ku (Q).	Classical Latin letter Er × Classical Latin letter Er R r IPA: /r/ Derived from Old Latin letter Er (R).	Classical Latin letter Es × Classical Latin letter Es S s IPA: /s/ Derived from Old Latin letter Es (S).	Classical Latin letter Té × Classical Latin letter Té T t IPA: /t/ Derived from Old Latin letter Té (T).		Classical Latin letter Ix × Classical Latin letter Ix X ks IPA: /ks/, /gz/ Derived from Old Latin letter Ix (X). Numerical value: 10
Byzantine Greek Uncials (Sibling)	Alphabet c. 280 - 640 CE	Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Alpha × Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Alpha Α ΑΛΦΑ a IPA: /a/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Alpha (Α). Numerical value: 1	Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Beta × Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Beta Β ΒΗΤΑ b IPA: /b/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Beta (Β). Numerical value: 2	Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Gamma × Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Gamma Γ ΓΑΜΜΑ g IPA: /g/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Gamma (Γ). Numerical value: 3		Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Delta × Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Delta Δ ΔΕΛΤΑ d IPA: /d/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Delta (Δ). Numerical value: 4	Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Epsilon × Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Epsilon Ε ΕΨΙΛΟΝ Simple E e IPA: /e̞/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Epsilon (Ε). Numerical value: 5		Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Upsilon × Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Upsilon Υ ΥΨΙΛΟΝ Simple U y IPA: /y/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Upsilon (Υ). Numerical value: 400		Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Zeta × Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Zeta Ζ ΖΗΤΑ z IPA: /z/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Zeta (Ζ). Numerical value: 7	Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Eta × Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Eta Η ΗΤΑ ē IPA: /i/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Eta (Η). Numerical value: 8		Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Theta × Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Theta Θ ΘΗΤΑ th IPA: /tʰ/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Theta (Θ). Numerical value: 9	Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Iota × Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Iota Ι ΙΩΤΑ i IPA: /i/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Iota (Ι). Numerical value: 10	Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Kappa × Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Kappa Κ ΚΑΠΠΑ k IPA: /k/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Kappa (Κ). Numerical value: 20	Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Lambda × Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Lambda Λ ΛΑΜΒΔΑ l IPA: /l/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Lambda (Λ). Numerical value: 30	Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Mu × Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Mu Μ ΜΥ m IPA: /m/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Mu (Μ). Numerical value: 40	Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Nu × Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Nu Ν ΝΥ n IPA: /n/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Nu (Ν). Numerical value: 50	Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Xi × Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Xi Ξ ΞΙ ks IPA: /ks/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Xi (Ξ). Numerical value: 60	Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Omega × Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Omega Ω ΩΜΕΓΑ Big O o IPA: /o̞/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Omega (Ω). Numerical value: 800	Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Omicron × Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Omicron Ο ΟΜΙΚΡΟΝ Small O o IPA: /o̞/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Omicron (Ο). Numerical value: 70	Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Pi × Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Pi Π ΠΙ p IPA: /p/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Pi (Π). Numerical value: 80	Byzantine Greek letter Sampi (early) × Byzantine Greek letter Sampi (early) Σαμπί "like a Pi (Π)" Derived from Roman Greek letter Sampi. Numerical value: 900 Byzantine Greek letter Sampi (middle) × Byzantine Greek letter Sampi (middle) Σαμπί "like a Pi (Π)" Derived from Byzantine Greek letter Sampi (early). Numerical value: 900 Byzantine Greek letter Sampi (late) × Byzantine Greek letter Sampi (late) Σαμπί "like a Pi (Π)" Derived from Byzantine Greek letter Sampi (middle). Numerical value: 900		Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Rho × Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Rho Ρ ΡΟ r IPA: /r/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Rho (Ρ). Numerical value: 100	Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Sigma × Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Sigma Σ ΣΙΓΜΑ s IPA: /s/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Sigma (Σ). Numerical value: 200	Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Tau × Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Tau Τ ΤΑΥ t IPA: /t/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Tau (Τ). Numerical value: 300	Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Phi × Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Phi Φ ΦΙ ph IPA: /pʰ/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Phi (Φ). Numerical value: 500	Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Chi × Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Chi Χ ΧΙ kh IPA: /kʰ/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Chi (Χ). Numerical value: 600	Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Psi × Byzantine Greek Uncial letter Psi Ψ ΨΙ ps IPA: /ps/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Psi (Ψ). Numerical value: 700
Gothic	Alphabet 4 c. CE - Decline in c. 6 CE	Gothic letter Aza/Ahsa × Gothic letter Aza/Ahsa 𐌰 𐌰𐌶𐌰 / 𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌰 God a IPA: /a, aː/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Alpha (Α). Numerical value: 1	Gothic letter Bercna/Bairkan × Gothic letter Bercna/Bairkan 𐌱 𐌱𐌴𐍂𐌺𐌽𐌰 / 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽 birch b IPA: /b/, [b, β] Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Beta (Β). Numerical value: 2	Gothic letter Geuua/Giba × Gothic letter Geuua/Giba 𐌲 𐌲𐌴𐌿𐌿𐌰 / 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰 gift g IPA: /ɡ/, [ɡ, ɣ, x]; /n/, [ŋ] Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Gamma (Γ). Numerical value: 3	Gothic letter Gaar/Jer × Gothic letter Gaar/Jer 𐌾 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐍂 / 𐌾𐌴𐍂 year, harvest j IPA: /j/ Derived from Classical Latin letter Gé (G), or perhaps Roman Greek Uncial letter Xi (ξ), or Elder Futhark letter *Jēra- (ᛃ). Numerical value: 60	Gothic letter Daaz/Dags × Gothic letter Daaz/Dags 𐌳 𐌳𐌰𐌰𐌶 / 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 day d IPA: /d/, [d, ð] Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Delta (Δ). Numerical value: 4	Gothic letter Eyz/Aihvus × Gothic letter Eyz/Aihvus 𐌴 𐌴𐌹𐍅𐍃 / 𐌰𐌹𐍈𐍃 horse/yew e IPA: /eː/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Epsilon (Ε). Numerical value: 5	Gothic letter Quertra/Qairthra × Gothic letter Quertra/Qairthra 𐌵 𐌵𐌿𐌴𐍂𐍄𐍂𐌰 / 𐌵𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐌷𐍂𐌰 millstone q IPA: /kʷ/ Perhaps derived from cursive variant of Greek letter Digamma (ϛ), ligature Stigma (ϛ), or cursive variant of letter Kappa (ϰ). Numerical value: 6 Gothic letter Fe/Faihu × Gothic letter Fe/Faihu 𐍆 𐍆𐌴 / 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 wealth, chattel f IPA: /ɸ/ Derived from Classical Latin letter Ef (F). Numerical value: 500	Gothic letter Uuinne/Winja × Gothic letter Uuinne/Winja 𐍅 𐌿𐌿𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌴 / 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰 field, pasture w IPA: /w/; /y/~/i/(?) Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Upsilon (Υ). Numerical value: 400	Gothic letter Uraz/Urus × Gothic letter Uraz/Urus 𐌿 𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶 / 𐌿𐍂𐌿𐍃 aurochs u IPA: /u, uː/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter ?*Ūruz (ᚢ). Numerical value: 70		Gothic letter Haal/Hagl × Gothic letter Haal/Hagl 𐌷 𐌷𐌰𐌰𐌻 / 𐌷𐌰𐌲𐌻 hail h IPA: /h/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Heta (Η). Numerical value: 8		Gothic letter Thyth/Thiuth × Gothic letter Thyth/Thiuth 𐌸 𐌸𐌹𐌸 / 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌸 good þ (th) IPA: /θ/ Derived from cursive form of Greek letter Theta (ϑ) or letter Phi (Φ). Numerical value: 9 Gothic letter Uuaer/Hwair × Gothic letter Uuaer/Hwair 𐍈 𐌿𐌿𐌰𐌴𐍂 / 𐍈𐌰𐌹𐍂 kettle ƕ (hw) IPA: /hʷ/~/ʍ/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Theta (Θ). Numerical value: 700	Gothic letter Iiz/Eis × Gothic letter Iiz/Eis 𐌹 𐌹𐌹𐌶 / 𐌴𐌹𐍃 ice i IPA: /i/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Iota (Ι). Numerical value: 10	Gothic letter Chozma/Kuzma × Gothic letter Chozma/Kuzma 𐌺 𐌺𐍉𐌶𐌼𐌰 / 𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌼𐌰 pine sap k IPA: /k/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Kappa (Κ). Numerical value: 20	Gothic letter Laaz/Lagus × Gothic letter Laaz/Lagus 𐌻 𐌻𐌰𐌰𐌶 / 𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌿𐍃 sea, lake l IPA: /l/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Lambda (Λ). Numerical value: 30	Gothic letter Manna × Gothic letter Manna 𐌼 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰 man, human m IPA: /m/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Mu (Μ). Numerical value: 40	Gothic letter Noicz/Nauths × Gothic letter Noicz/Nauths 𐌽 𐌽𐍉𐌹𐌺𐌶 / 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 need n IPA: /n/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Nu (Ν). Numerical value: 50		Gothic letter Utal/Othal × Gothic letter Utal/Othal 𐍉 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌻 / 𐍉𐌸𐌰𐌻 ancestral land o (ō) IPA: /oː/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Omega (Ω) or Elder Futhark letter *Ōþala (ᛟ). Numerical value: 800		Gothic letter Pertra/Paithra × Gothic letter Pertra/Paithra 𐍀 𐍀𐌴𐍂𐍄𐍂𐌰 / 𐍀𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 ? p IPA: /p/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Pi (Π). Numerical value: 80	Gothic number 900 × Gothic number 900 𐍊 Derived from Roman Greek letter Sampi (ͳ). Numerical value: 900	Gothic number 90 × Gothic number 90 𐍁 Derived from cursive variant of Greek letter Koppa (Ϙ). Numerical value: 90	Gothic letter Reda/Raida × Gothic letter Reda/Raida 𐍂 𐍂𐌴𐌳𐌰 / 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 wagon r IPA: /r/ Derived from Classical Latin letter Er (R). Numerical value: 100	Gothic letter Sugil/Sauil × Gothic letter Sugil/Sauil 𐍃 𐍃𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌻 / 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌹𐌻 sun s IPA: /s/ Derived from Classical Latin letter Es (S). Numerical value: 200	Gothic letter Tyz/Teiws × Gothic letter Tyz/Teiws 𐍄 𐍄𐍅𐌶 / 𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍃 The god Týr t IPA: /t/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Tau (Τ). Numerical value: 300		Gothic letter Enguz/Iggws × Gothic letter Enguz/Iggws 𐍇 𐌴𐌽𐌲𐌿𐌶 / 𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃 The god Yngvi x IPA: /k/ Derived from Roman Greek Uncial letter Chi (Χ). Numerical value: 600