Medieval Runes

Abecedary^1,3-7

Medieval Runic letter Ár × Medieval Runic letter Ár ᛆ ᛆᚱ plenty a IPA: [a] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Ár (ᛆ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Ár er gumna góðe; get ek at ǫrr var Fróðe English translation: Plenty is a boon to men; I say that Frothi was generous Old Icelandic rune poem: Ár er gumna góði ok gott sumar ok algróinn akr annus allvaldr. English translation: Plenty is a boon to men and good summer and thriving crops. Old Swedish rune poem: År i bladhe vidast English translation: (Good) year, of leaf widest	Medieval Runic letter Bjǫrk × Medieval Runic letter Bjǫrk ᛒ ᛒᛁᚢᚱᚳ birch tree b IPA: [b] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Bjǫrk (ᛒ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Bjarkan er laufgrønstr líma; Loki bar flærða tíma. English translation: Birch has the greenest leaves of any shrub; Loki was fortunate in his deceit. Old Icelandic rune poem: Bjarkan er laufgat lim ok lítit tré ok ungsamligr viðr abies buðlungr English translation: Birch is a leafy twig and little tree and fresh young shrub. Old Swedish rune poem: bioͤrkahult groͤnast English translation: Birch-wood greenest	Medieval Runic letter C × Medieval Runic letter C c IPA: [s], [k] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Sól (ᛌ).	Medieval Runic letter D × Medieval Runic letter D ᛑ d IPA: [d] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Týr (ᛐ).	Medieval Runic letter Ð × Medieval Runic letter Ð ᚧ ð IPA: [ð] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Thurs (ᚦ).
Medieval Runic letter E × Medieval Runic letter E ᛂ e IPA: [e(ː)] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Íss (ᛁ).	Medieval Runic letter Fé × Medieval Runic letter Fé ᚠ ᚠᛁ wealth f IPA: [f] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Fé (ᚠ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Fé vældr frænda róge; føðesk ulfr í skóge. English translation: Wealth is a source of discord among kinsmen; the wolf lives in the forest. Old Icelandic rune poem: Fé er frænda róg ok flæðar viti ok grafseiðs gata aurum fylkir. English translation: Wealth is the source of discord among kinsmen and fire of the sea and path of the serpent. Old Swedish rune poem: Faͤ frande ro English translation: Cattle, kinsmen's calm	Medieval Runic letter G × Medieval Runic letter G ᚵ g IPA: /ɡ/, /j/ Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Kaun (ᚴ).	Medieval Runic letter Hagall × Medieval Runic letter Hagall ᚼ ᚼᛆᚴᛆᛚᛚ hail (precipitation) h IPA: [h] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Hagall (ᚼ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Hagall er kaldastr korna; Kristr skóp hæimenn forna. English translation: Hail is the coldest of grain; Christ created the world of old. Old Icelandic rune poem: Hagall er kaldakorn ok krapadrífa ok snáka sótt grando hildingr. Old Icelandic rune poem: Hagall er kaldakorn ok krapadrífa ok snáka sótt grando hildingr. English translation: Hail is cold grain and shower of sleet and sickness of serpents.	Medieval Runic letter Íss × Medieval Runic letter Íss ᛁ ᛁᛌᛌ ice i IPA: [i(ː)] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Íss (ᛁ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Ís kǫllum brú bræiða; blindan þarf at læiða. English translation: Ice is called the broad bridge; the blind man must be led. Old Icelandic rune poem: Íss er árbörkr ok unnar þak ok feigra manna fár glacies jöfurr. English translation: Ice is the bark of rivers and roof of the wave and destruction of the doomed. Old Swedish rune poem: Īs bro bredast English translation: Ice, broadest bridge
Medieval Runic letter Kaun × Medieval Runic letter Kaun ᚴ ᚴᛆᚢᚿ ulcer k IPA: /k/ Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Kaun (ᚴ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Kaun er barna bǫlvan; bǫl gørver nán fǫlvan. English translation: Ulcer is fatal to children; death makes a corpse pale. Old Icelandic rune poem: Kaun er barna böl ok bardaga [för] ok holdfúa hús. flagella konungr. English translation: Ulcer is a disease fatal to children and painful spot and abode of mortification. Old Swedish rune poem: Koͤn i koͤte vaͤrst English translation: Ulcer (?), worst in the flesh	Medieval Runic letter Lǫgr × Medieval Runic letter Lǫgr ᛚ ᛚᚢᚴᚱ sea l IPA: [l] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Lǫgr (ᛚ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Lǫgr er, fællr ór fjalle foss; en gull ero nosser. English translation: A waterfall is a River which falls from a mountain-side; but ornaments are of gold. Old Icelandic rune poem: Lögr er vellanda vatn ok viðr ketill ok glömmungr grund. lacus lofðungr. English translation: Water is eddying stream and broad geysir and land of the fish. Old Swedish rune poem: Lagh aͤr Landsens aͤra English translation: Law is land's honour	Medieval Runic letter Maðr × Medieval Runic letter Maðr ᛘ ᛘᛆᚦᚱ man m IPA: [m] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Maðr (ᛘ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Maðr er moldar auki; mikil er græip á hauki. English translation: Man is an augmentation of the dust; great is the claw of the hawk. Old Icelandic rune poem: Maðr er manns gaman ok moldar auki ok skipa skreytir homo mildingr. English translation: Man is the delight of man and augmentation of the earth and adorner of ships.	Medieval Runic letter Nauðr × Medieval Runic letter Nauðr ᚿ ᚿᛆᚢᚦᚱ need n IPA: [n] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Nauðr (ᚿ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Nauðr gerer næppa koste; nǫktan kælr í froste. English translation: Constraint gives scant choice; a naked man is chilled by the frost. Old Icelandic rune poem: Nauð er Þýjar þrá ok þungr kostr ok vássamlig verk. opera niflungr. English translation: Constraint is the grief of the bond-maid and state of oppression and toilsome work. Old Swedish rune poem: Noͤdh aͤr enda kŭst English translation: Need is only choice	Medieval Runic letter Óss × Medieval Runic letter Óss ᚮ ᚮᛌᛌ god ą IPA: [ɑ̃], [o(ː)] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Óss (ᚭ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Óss er flæstra færða fǫr; en skalpr er sværða. English translation: Estuary is the way of most journeys; but a scabbard is of swords. Old Icelandic rune poem: Óss er alldingautr ok ásgarðs jǫfur, ok valhallar vísi. Jupiter oddviti. English translation: God (Odin) is the aged Gautr and speedy journeythe prince of Asgard and lord of Valhalla
Medieval Runic letter P × Medieval Runic letter P ᛔ p IPA: [p] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Bjǫrk (ᛒ).	Medieval Runic letter Q × Medieval Runic letter Q ᚴ q IPA: /k/ Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Kaun (ᚴ).	Medieval Runic letter Reið × Medieval Runic letter Reið ᚱ ᚱᛁᚦ ride r IPA: /r/ Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Reið (ᚱ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Ræið kveða rossom væsta; Reginn sló sværðet bæzta. English translation: Riding is said to be the worst thing for horses; Reginn forged the finest sword. Old Icelandic rune poem: Reið er sitjandi sæla ok snúðig ferð ok jórs erfiði. iter ræsir. English translation: Riding is the joy of the horseman and speedy journey and toil of the steed. Old Swedish rune poem: Ridher haͤstespraͤng English translation: Rider, horse's toil	Medieval Runic letter Sól × Medieval Runic letter Sól ᛌ ᛌᚢᛚ sun s, z IPA: [s], [z] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Sól (ᛌ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Sól er landa ljóme; lúti ek helgum dóme. English translation: Sun is the light of the world; I bow to the divine decree. Old Icelandic rune poem: Sól er skýja skjöldr ok skínandi röðull ok ísa aldrtregi rota siklingr. English translation: Sun is the shield of the clouds and shining ray and destroyer of ice. Old Swedish rune poem: sōl i himbla hoͤgast English translation: Sun, in sky highest	Medieval Runic letter Týr × Medieval Runic letter Týr ᛐ ᛐᚢᚱ The god Týr t IPA: /t/ Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Týr (ᛐ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Týr er æinendr ása; opt værðr smiðr blása. English translation: Tyr is a one-handed god; often has the smith to blow. Old Icelandic rune poem: Týr er einhendr áss ok ulfs leifar ok hofa hilmir Mars tiggi. English translation: Tyr is a god with one hand and leavings of the wolf and prince of temples. Old Swedish rune poem: Tȳr i vatŭm ledast English translation: Tyr [a name], worst in water (or worst of wights)
Medieval Runic letter Thurs × Medieval Runic letter Thurs ᚦ ᚦᚢᚱᛌ giant þ (th) IPA: [θ] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Thurs (ᚦ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Þurs vældr kvinna kvillu, kátr værðr fár af illu. English translation: Giant causes anguish to women; misfortune makes few men cheerful. Old Icelandic rune poem: Þurs er kvenna kvöl ok kletta búi ok varðrúnar verr. Saturnus þengill. English translation: Giant is the torture of women and cliff-dweller and husband of a giantess. Saturn's thegn. Old Swedish rune poem: Tors qŭinne qŭāl English translation: Giant, woman's pain	Medieval Runic letter Úr × Medieval Runic letter Úr ᚢ ᚢᚱ rain u IPA: [u], [ø], [y], [œ], [v], [w] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Úr (ᚢ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Úr er af illu jarne; opt løypr ræinn á hjarne. English translation: Dross comes from bad iron; the reindeer often races over the frozen snow. Old Icelandic rune poem: Úr er skýgia grátur ok skæra þverrir ok hirðis hatur. Umbre Vísi. English translation: Shower is the lamentation of the clouds and ruin of the hay-harvest and abominationi of the sheperd. Old Swedish rune poem: Ŭr vaͤder vaͤrst English translation: Shower, worst weather	Medieval Runic letter V × Medieval Runic letter V ᚡ v IPA: [v] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Fé (ᚠ).	Medieval Runic letter Ýr × Medieval Runic letter Ýr ᛦ ᛦᚱ yew tree ʀ, y IPA: [ɻ], [y] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Ýr (ᛦ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Ýr er vetrgrønstr viða; vænt er, er brennr, at sviða. English translation: Yew is the greenest of trees in winter; it is wont to crackle whem it burns. Old Icelandic rune poem: Ýr er bendr bogi ok brotgjarnt járn ok fífu fárbauti arcus ynglingr. English translation: Ýr is a bent bow and brittle iron and giant of the arrow.	Medieval Runic letter Z × Medieval Runic letter Z z IPA: [z] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Sól (ᛌ).
Medieval Runic letter Æ × Medieval Runic letter Æ ᛅ æ IPA: [æː] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Ár (ᛅ).	Medieval Runic letter Ø × Medieval Runic letter Ø ᚯ ø IPA: [øː] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Óss (ᚬ).

Letter variants

Letter C
Medieval Runic letter C (variant 1)	Medieval Runic letter C (variant 2)	Medieval Runic letter C (variant 3)
Letter D
Medieval Runic letter D (variant 1)	Medieval Runic letter D (variant 2)	Medieval Runic letter D (variant 3)	Medieval Runic letter D (variant 4)
Letter E
Medieval Runic letter E (variant 1)	Medieval Runic letter E (variant 2)	Medieval Runic letter E (variant 3)
Letter G
Medieval Runic letter G (variant 1)	Medieval Runic letter G (variant 2)	Medieval Runic letter G (variant 3)
Letter H
Medieval Runic letter H (variant 1)	Medieval Runic letter H (variant 2)
Letter M
Medieval Runic letter M (variant 1)	Medieval Runic letter M (variant 2)
Letter P
Medieval Runic letter M (variant 1)	Medieval Runic letter M (variant 2)	Medieval Runic letter M (variant 3)	Medieval Runic letter M (variant 4)
Letter S
Medieval Runic letter S (variant 1)	Medieval Runic letter S (variant 2)	Medieval Runic letter S (variant 3)	Medieval Runic letter S (variant 4)
Letter Th
Medieval Runic letter Th (variant 1)	Medieval Runic letter Th (variant 2)
Letter V
Medieval Runic letter V (variant 1)	Medieval Runic letter V (variant 2)	Medieval Runic letter V (variant 3)	Medieval Runic letter V (variant 4)
Letter Y
Medieval Runic letter Y (variant 1)	Medieval Runic letter Y (variant 2)
Letter Z
Medieval Runic letter Z (variant 1)	Medieval Runic letter Z (variant 2)	Medieval Runic letter Z (variant 3)
Letter Æ
Medieval Runic letter Æ (variant 1)	Medieval Runic letter Æ (variant 2)

Writing Script		Head of ox	House plan	Throw stick		Nile tilapia	Man with arms raised		Pear shaped mace		Two diagonal strokes	Plan of rectangular enclosure	Heart and trachea	Arm with downward facing palm	Hand	Crook	Water ripple	Cobra	Reed column	Eye	Mouth	Rush with shoots	Cord on stick	Head	Bow	Crossed sticks
Egyptian Hieroglyphs	Logography 32 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 𓃾 Head of Ox Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ka	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 𓉐 House plan Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 𓌙 Throw stick Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: qema Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/ Conventional Anglicisation: aam		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 𓆛 Bulti fish Phonogram in for: int “bulti”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 𓀠 Man with arms raised Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 𓌉 Pear shaped mace Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 𓏭 Two diagonal strokes Determinative for duality	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6 𓉗 Plan of rectangular enclosure Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 𓄤 Heart and windpipe Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 𓂣 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 𓂧 Hand Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 𓋿 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 𓈖 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 𓆓 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 𓊽 Reed column Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/ Conventional Anglicisation: djed	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 𓁹 Eye Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 𓂋 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 𓇑 Rush with roots Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 𓎗 Cord on stick Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wedj	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 𓁶 Head Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a 𓌓 Bow Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 𓏴 Crossed sticks Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”
Long-branch Younger Futhark	Alphabet c. 8 c. CE	Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Óss × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Óss ᚬ ᚬᛋᛋ god ą IPA: [ɑ̃], [o(ː)] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *ansuz (ᚨ).	Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Bjǫrk × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Bjǫrk ᛒ ᛒᛁᚢᚱᚴ birch tree b, p IPA: [b], [p] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *berkana (ᛒ).	Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Kaun × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Kaun ᚴ ᚴᛅᚢᚾ ulcer k, g, ŋ IPA: /k/, /kʲ/, /tʃ/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *kauna (ᚲ).	Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Ár × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Ár ᛅ ᛅᚱ plenty a IPA: [a] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *jara (ᛃ).	Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Thurs × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Thurs ᚦ ᚦᚢᚱᛋ giant þ (th), ð IPA: [θ], [ð] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *thurisar (ᚦ).		Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Fé × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Fé ᚠ ᚠᛁ wealth f IPA: [f] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *fehu (ᚠ).	Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Ýr × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Ýr ᛦ ᛦᚱ yew tree ʀ, y IPA: [ɻ], [y] Derived from Elder Futhark letter algiz (ᛉ). Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Maðr × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Maðr ᛘ ᛘᛅᚦᚱ man m IPA: [m] Derived from Elder Futhark letter algiz (ᛉ).	Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Úr × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Úr ᚢ ᚢᚱ rain u IPA: [u], [ø], [y], [œ], [v], [w] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *ūruz (ᚢ).		Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Hagall × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Hagall ᚼ ᚼᛅᚴᛅᛚᛚ hail (precipitation) h IPA: [h] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *hagalaz (ᚺ).		Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Íss × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Íss ᛁ ᛁᛋᛋ ice i IPA: [i(ː)] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *isaz (ᛁ).		Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Lǫgr × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Lǫgr ᛚ ᛚᚢᚴᚱ sea l IPA: [l] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *laguz (ᛚ).		Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Nauðr × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Nauðr ᚾ ᚾᛅᚢᚦᚱ need n IPA: [n] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *nauðiz (ᚾ).						Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Reið × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Reið ᚱ ᚱᛁᚦ ride r IPA: /r/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *raiðu (ᚱ).	Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Sól × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Sól ᛋ ᛋᚢᛚ sun s, z IPA: [s], [z] Derived from Elder Futhark letter *sowilu (ᛊ).	Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Týr × Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Týr ᛏ ᛏᚢᚱ The god Týr t, d IPA: /t/ Derived from Elder Futhark letter *tiwaz (ᛏ).
Short-twig Younger Futhark	Alphabet 9 c. CE - 11 c. CE	Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Óss × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Óss ᚭ ᚭᛌᛌ god ą IPA: [ɑ̃], [o(ː)] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Óss (ᚬ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Óss er flæstra færða fǫr; en skalpr er sværða. English translation: Estuary is the way of most journeys; but a scabbard is of swords. Old Icelandic rune poem: Óss er alldingautr ok ásgarðs jǫfur, ok valhallar vísi. Jupiter oddviti. English translation: God (Odin) is the aged Gautr and speedy journeythe prince of Asgard and lord of Valhalla	Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Bjǫrk × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Bjǫrk ᛓ ᛓᛁᚢᚱᚴ birch tree b, p IPA: [b], [p] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Bjǫrk (ᛒ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Bjarkan er laufgrønstr líma; Loki bar flærða tíma. English translation: Birch has the greenest leaves of any shrub; Loki was fortunate in his deceit. Old Icelandic rune poem: Bjarkan er laufgat lim ok lítit tré ok ungsamligr viðr abies buðlungr English translation: Birch is a leafy twig and little tree and fresh young shrub.	Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Kaun × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Kaun ᚴ ᚴᛆᚢᚿ ulcer k, g, ŋ IPA: /k/, /kʲ/, /tʃ/ Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Kaun (ᚴ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Kaun er barna bǫlvan; bǫl gørver nán fǫlvan. English translation: Ulcer is fatal to children; death makes a corpse pale. Old Icelandic rune poem: Kaun er barna böl ok bardaga [för] ok holdfúa hús. flagella konungr. English translation: Ulcer is a disease fatal to children and painful spot and abode of mortification.	Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Ár × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Ár ᛆ ᛆᚱ plenty a IPA: [a] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Ár (ᛅ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Ár er gumna góðe; get ek at ǫrr var Fróðe English translation: Plenty is a boon to men; I say that Frothi was generous Old Icelandic rune poem: Ár er gumna góði ok gott sumar ok algróinn akr annus allvaldr. English translation: Plenty is a boon to men and good summer and thriving crops.	Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Thurs × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Thurs ᚦ ᚦᚢᚱᛌ giant þ (th), ð IPA: [θ], [ð] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Thurs (ᚦ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Þurs vældr kvinna kvillu, kátr værðr fár af illu. English translation: Giant causes anguish to women; misfortune makes few men cheerful. Old Icelandic rune poem: Þurs er kvenna kvöl ok kletta búi ok varðrúnar verr. Saturnus þengill. English translation: Giant is the torture of women and cliff-dweller and husband of a giantess. Saturn's thegn.		Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Fé × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Fé ᚠ ᚠᛁ wealth f IPA: [f] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Fé (ᚠ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Fé vældr frænda róge; føðesk ulfr í skóge. English translation: Wealth is a source of discord among kinsmen; the wolf lives in the forest. Old Icelandic rune poem: Fé er frænda róg ok flæðar viti ok grafseiðs gata aurum fylkir. English translation: Wealth is the source of discord among kinsmen and fire of the sea and path of the serpent.	Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Ýr × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Ýr ᛧ ᛧᚱ yew tree ʀ, y IPA: [ɻ], [y] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Ýr (ᛦ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Ýr er vetrgrønstr viða; vænt er, er brennr, at sviða. English translation: Yew is the greenest of trees in winter; it is wont to crackle whem it burns. Old Icelandic rune poem: Ýr er bendr bogi ok brotgjarnt járn ok fífu fárbauti arcus ynglingr. English translation: Ýr is a bent bow and brittle iron and giant of the arrow. Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Maðr × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Maðr ᛙ ᛙᛆᚦᚱ man m IPA: [m] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Maðr (ᛘ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Maðr er moldar auki; mikil er græip á hauki. English translation: Man is an augmentation of the dust; great is the claw of the hawk. Old Icelandic rune poem: Maðr er manns gaman ok moldar auki ok skipa skreytir homo mildingr. English translation: Man is the delight of man and augmentation of the earth and adorner of ships.	Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Úr × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Úr ᚢ ᚢᚱ rain u IPA: [u], [ø], [y], [œ], [v], [w] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Úr (ᚢ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Úr er af illu jarne; opt løypr ræinn á hjarne. English translation: Dross comes from bad iron; the reindeer often races over the frozen snow. Old Icelandic rune poem: Úr er skýgia grátur ok skæra þverrir ok hirðis hatur. Umbre Vísi. English translation: Shower is the lamentation of the clouds and ruin of the hay-harvest and abominationi of the sheperd.		Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Hagall × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Hagall ᚽ ᚽᛆᚴᛆᛚᛚ hail (precipitation) h IPA: [h] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Hagall (ᚼ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Hagall er kaldastr korna; Kristr skóp hæimenn forna. English translation: Hail is the coldest of grain; Christ created the world of old. Old Icelandic rune poem: Hagall er kaldakorn ok krapadrífa ok snáka sótt grando hildingr. English translation: Hail is cold grain and shower of sleet and sickness of serpents.		Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Íss × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Íss ᛁ ᛁᛌᛌ ice i IPA: [i(ː)] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Íss (ᛁ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Ís kǫllum brú bræiða; blindan þarf at læiða. English translation: Ice is called the broad bridge; the blind man must be led. Old Icelandic rune poem: Íss er árbörkr ok unnar þak ok feigra manna fár glacies jöfurr. English translation: Ice is the bark of rivers and roof of the wave and destruction of the doomed.		Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Lǫgr × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Lǫgr ᛚ ᛚᚢᚴᚱ sea l IPA: [l] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Lǫgr (ᛚ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Lǫgr er, fællr ór fjalle foss; en gull ero nosser. English translation: A waterfall is a River which falls from a mountain-side; but ornaments are of gold. Old Icelandic rune poem: Lögr er vellanda vatn ok viðr ketill ok glömmungr grund. lacus lofðungr. English translation: Water is eddying stream and broad geysir and land of the fish.		Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Nauðr × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Nauðr ᚿ ᚿᛆᚢᚦᚱ need n IPA: [n] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Nauðr (ᚾ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Nauðr gerer næppa koste; nǫktan kælr í froste. English translation: Constraint gives scant choice; a naked man is chilled by the frost. Old Icelandic rune poem: Nauð er Þýjar þrá ok þungr kostr ok vássamlig verk. opera niflungr. English translation: Constraint is the grief of the bond-maid and state of oppression and toilsome work.						Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Reið × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Reið ᚱ ᚱᛁᚦ ride r IPA: /r/ Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Reið (ᚱ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Ræið kveða rossom væsta; Reginn sló sværðet bæzta. English translation: Riding is said to be the worst thing for horses; Reginn forged the finest sword. Old Icelandic rune poem: Reið er sitjandi sæla ok snúðig ferð ok jórs erfiði. iter ræsir. English translation: Riding is the joy of the horseman and speedy journey and toil of the steed.	Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Sól × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Sól ᛌ ᛌᚢᛚ sun s, z IPA: [s], [z] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Sól (ᛋ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Sól er landa ljóme; lúti ek helgum dóme. English translation: Sun is the light of the world; I bow to the divine decree. Old Icelandic rune poem: Sól er skýja skjöldr ok skínandi röðull ok ísa aldrtregi rota siklingr. English translation: Sun is the shield of the clouds and shining ray and destroyer of ice.	Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Týr × Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Týr ᛐ ᛐᚢᚱ The god Týr t, d IPA: /t/ Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Týr (ᛏ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Týr er æinendr ása; opt værðr smiðr blása. English translation: Tyr is a one-handed god; often has the smith to blow. Old Icelandic rune poem: Týr er einhendr áss ok ulfs leifar ok hofa hilmir Mars tiggi. English translation: Tyr is a god with one hand and leavings of the wolf and prince of temples.
Medieval Runes	Alphabet 12 c. CE - 17 c. CE	Medieval Runic letter Óss × Medieval Runic letter Óss ᚮ ᚮᛌᛌ god ą IPA: [ɑ̃], [o(ː)] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Óss (ᚭ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Óss er flæstra færða fǫr; en skalpr er sværða. English translation: Estuary is the way of most journeys; but a scabbard is of swords. Old Icelandic rune poem: Óss er alldingautr ok ásgarðs jǫfur, ok valhallar vísi. Jupiter oddviti. English translation: God (Odin) is the aged Gautr and speedy journeythe prince of Asgard and lord of Valhalla Medieval Runic letter Ø × Medieval Runic letter Ø ᚯ ø IPA: [øː] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Óss (ᚬ).	Medieval Runic letter Bjǫrk × Medieval Runic letter Bjǫrk ᛒ ᛒᛁᚢᚱᚳ birch tree b IPA: [b] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Bjǫrk (ᛒ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Bjarkan er laufgrønstr líma; Loki bar flærða tíma. English translation: Birch has the greenest leaves of any shrub; Loki was fortunate in his deceit. Old Icelandic rune poem: Bjarkan er laufgat lim ok lítit tré ok ungsamligr viðr abies buðlungr English translation: Birch is a leafy twig and little tree and fresh young shrub. Old Swedish rune poem: bioͤrkahult groͤnast English translation: Birch-wood greenest Medieval Runic letter P × Medieval Runic letter P ᛔ p IPA: [p] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Bjǫrk (ᛒ).	Medieval Runic letter Kaun × Medieval Runic letter Kaun ᚴ ᚴᛆᚢᚿ ulcer k IPA: /k/ Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Kaun (ᚴ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Kaun er barna bǫlvan; bǫl gørver nán fǫlvan. English translation: Ulcer is fatal to children; death makes a corpse pale. Old Icelandic rune poem: Kaun er barna böl ok bardaga [för] ok holdfúa hús. flagella konungr. English translation: Ulcer is a disease fatal to children and painful spot and abode of mortification. Old Swedish rune poem: Koͤn i koͤte vaͤrst English translation: Ulcer (?), worst in the flesh Medieval Runic letter Q × Medieval Runic letter Q ᚴ q IPA: /k/ Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Kaun (ᚴ). Medieval Runic letter G × Medieval Runic letter G ᚵ g IPA: /ɡ/, /j/ Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Kaun (ᚴ).	Medieval Runic letter Ár × Medieval Runic letter Ár ᛆ ᛆᚱ plenty a IPA: [a] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Ár (ᛆ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Ár er gumna góðe; get ek at ǫrr var Fróðe English translation: Plenty is a boon to men; I say that Frothi was generous Old Icelandic rune poem: Ár er gumna góði ok gott sumar ok algróinn akr annus allvaldr. English translation: Plenty is a boon to men and good summer and thriving crops. Old Swedish rune poem: År i bladhe vidast English translation: (Good) year, of leaf widest Medieval Runic letter Æ × Medieval Runic letter Æ ᛅ æ IPA: [æː] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Ár (ᛅ).	Medieval Runic letter Thurs × Medieval Runic letter Thurs ᚦ ᚦᚢᚱᛌ giant þ (th) IPA: [θ] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Thurs (ᚦ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Þurs vældr kvinna kvillu, kátr værðr fár af illu. English translation: Giant causes anguish to women; misfortune makes few men cheerful. Old Icelandic rune poem: Þurs er kvenna kvöl ok kletta búi ok varðrúnar verr. Saturnus þengill. English translation: Giant is the torture of women and cliff-dweller and husband of a giantess. Saturn's thegn. Old Swedish rune poem: Tors qŭinne qŭāl English translation: Giant, woman's pain Medieval Runic letter Ð × Medieval Runic letter Ð ᚧ ð IPA: [ð] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Thurs (ᚦ).		Medieval Runic letter Fé × Medieval Runic letter Fé ᚠ ᚠᛁ wealth f IPA: [f] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Fé (ᚠ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Fé vældr frænda róge; føðesk ulfr í skóge. English translation: Wealth is a source of discord among kinsmen; the wolf lives in the forest. Old Icelandic rune poem: Fé er frænda róg ok flæðar viti ok grafseiðs gata aurum fylkir. English translation: Wealth is the source of discord among kinsmen and fire of the sea and path of the serpent. Old Swedish rune poem: Faͤ frande ro English translation: Cattle, kinsmen's calm Medieval Runic letter V × Medieval Runic letter V ᚡ v IPA: [v] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Fé (ᚠ).	Medieval Runic letter Ýr × Medieval Runic letter Ýr ᛦ ᛦᚱ yew tree ʀ, y IPA: [ɻ], [y] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Ýr (ᛦ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Ýr er vetrgrønstr viða; vænt er, er brennr, at sviða. English translation: Yew is the greenest of trees in winter; it is wont to crackle whem it burns. Old Icelandic rune poem: Ýr er bendr bogi ok brotgjarnt járn ok fífu fárbauti arcus ynglingr. English translation: Ýr is a bent bow and brittle iron and giant of the arrow. Medieval Runic letter Maðr × Medieval Runic letter Maðr ᛘ ᛘᛆᚦᚱ man m IPA: [m] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Maðr (ᛘ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Maðr er moldar auki; mikil er græip á hauki. English translation: Man is an augmentation of the dust; great is the claw of the hawk. Old Icelandic rune poem: Maðr er manns gaman ok moldar auki ok skipa skreytir homo mildingr. English translation: Man is the delight of man and augmentation of the earth and adorner of ships.	Medieval Runic letter Úr × Medieval Runic letter Úr ᚢ ᚢᚱ rain u IPA: [u], [ø], [y], [œ], [v], [w] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Úr (ᚢ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Úr er af illu jarne; opt løypr ræinn á hjarne. English translation: Dross comes from bad iron; the reindeer often races over the frozen snow. Old Icelandic rune poem: Úr er skýgia grátur ok skæra þverrir ok hirðis hatur. Umbre Vísi. English translation: Shower is the lamentation of the clouds and ruin of the hay-harvest and abominationi of the sheperd. Old Swedish rune poem: Ŭr vaͤder vaͤrst English translation: Shower, worst weather		Medieval Runic letter Hagall × Medieval Runic letter Hagall ᚼ ᚼᛆᚴᛆᛚᛚ hail (precipitation) h IPA: [h] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Hagall (ᚼ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Hagall er kaldastr korna; Kristr skóp hæimenn forna. English translation: Hail is the coldest of grain; Christ created the world of old. Old Icelandic rune poem: Hagall er kaldakorn ok krapadrífa ok snáka sótt grando hildingr. Old Icelandic rune poem: Hagall er kaldakorn ok krapadrífa ok snáka sótt grando hildingr. English translation: Hail is cold grain and shower of sleet and sickness of serpents.		Medieval Runic letter Íss × Medieval Runic letter Íss ᛁ ᛁᛌᛌ ice i IPA: [i(ː)] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Íss (ᛁ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Ís kǫllum brú bræiða; blindan þarf at læiða. English translation: Ice is called the broad bridge; the blind man must be led. Old Icelandic rune poem: Íss er árbörkr ok unnar þak ok feigra manna fár glacies jöfurr. English translation: Ice is the bark of rivers and roof of the wave and destruction of the doomed. Old Swedish rune poem: Īs bro bredast English translation: Ice, broadest bridge Medieval Runic letter E × Medieval Runic letter E ᛂ e IPA: [e(ː)] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Íss (ᛁ).		Medieval Runic letter Lǫgr × Medieval Runic letter Lǫgr ᛚ ᛚᚢᚴᚱ sea l IPA: [l] Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Lǫgr (ᛚ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Lǫgr er, fællr ór fjalle foss; en gull ero nosser. English translation: A waterfall is a River which falls from a mountain-side; but ornaments are of gold. Old Icelandic rune poem: Lögr er vellanda vatn ok viðr ketill ok glömmungr grund. lacus lofðungr. English translation: Water is eddying stream and broad geysir and land of the fish. Old Swedish rune poem: Lagh aͤr Landsens aͤra English translation: Law is land's honour		Medieval Runic letter Nauðr × Medieval Runic letter Nauðr ᚿ ᚿᛆᚢᚦᚱ need n IPA: [n] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Nauðr (ᚿ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Nauðr gerer næppa koste; nǫktan kælr í froste. English translation: Constraint gives scant choice; a naked man is chilled by the frost. Old Icelandic rune poem: Nauð er Þýjar þrá ok þungr kostr ok vássamlig verk. opera niflungr. English translation: Constraint is the grief of the bond-maid and state of oppression and toilsome work. Old Swedish rune poem: Noͤdh aͤr enda kŭst English translation: Need is only choice						Medieval Runic letter Reið × Medieval Runic letter Reið ᚱ ᚱᛁᚦ ride r IPA: /r/ Derived from Norwegian Younger Futhark letter Reið (ᚱ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Ræið kveða rossom væsta; Reginn sló sværðet bæzta. English translation: Riding is said to be the worst thing for horses; Reginn forged the finest sword. Old Icelandic rune poem: Reið er sitjandi sæla ok snúðig ferð ok jórs erfiði. iter ræsir. English translation: Riding is the joy of the horseman and speedy journey and toil of the steed. Old Swedish rune poem: Ridher haͤstespraͤng English translation: Rider, horse's toil	Medieval Runic letter Sól × Medieval Runic letter Sól ᛌ ᛌᚢᛚ sun s, z IPA: [s], [z] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Sól (ᛌ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Sól er landa ljóme; lúti ek helgum dóme. English translation: Sun is the light of the world; I bow to the divine decree. Old Icelandic rune poem: Sól er skýja skjöldr ok skínandi röðull ok ísa aldrtregi rota siklingr. English translation: Sun is the shield of the clouds and shining ray and destroyer of ice. Old Swedish rune poem: sōl i himbla hoͤgast English translation: Sun, in sky highest Medieval Runic letter C × Medieval Runic letter C c IPA: [s], [k] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Sól (ᛌ). Medieval Runic letter Z × Medieval Runic letter Z z IPA: [z] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Sól (ᛌ).	Medieval Runic letter Týr × Medieval Runic letter Týr ᛐ ᛐᚢᚱ The god Týr t IPA: /t/ Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Týr (ᛐ). Old Norwegian rune poem: Týr er æinendr ása; opt værðr smiðr blása. English translation: Tyr is a one-handed god; often has the smith to blow. Old Icelandic rune poem: Týr er einhendr áss ok ulfs leifar ok hofa hilmir Mars tiggi. English translation: Tyr is a god with one hand and leavings of the wolf and prince of temples. Old Swedish rune poem: Tȳr i vatŭm ledast English translation: Tyr [a name], worst in water (or worst of wights) Medieval Runic letter D × Medieval Runic letter D ᛑ d IPA: [d] Derived from Short-twig Younger Futhark letter Týr (ᛐ).
Dalecarlian runes (Child)	Alphabet 16 c. CE - 19 c. CE	Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Års × Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Års ᚯ ᚯRᛌ å IPA: [o], [ɔ] Derived from Medieval Runic letter Óss (ᚯ). Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Års × Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Års ᚼ ᚼRᛁ å IPA: [o], [ɔ] Derived from Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Års (ᚯ).	Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Birkä × Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Birkä B Bᛁᚱᚴᚯ b IPA: [b] Derived from Norwegian Futhark letter Bjǫrk (ᛒ). Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Birkä × Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Birkä B BᛁRᚴᚼ birch tree b IPA: [b] Derived from Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Birkä (ᛒ).	Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Kan × Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Kan ᚴ ᚴᛅᚳ k IPA: /k/ Derived from Medieval Runic letter Kaun (ᚴ). Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Kan × Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Kan ᚴ ᚴᚷᚳ k IPA: /k/ Derived from Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Kan (ᚴ). Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Gir × Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Gir g IPA: /ɡ/, /j/ Derived from variant of Medieval Runic letter G (ᚵ). Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Gir × Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Gir g IPA: /ɡ/, /j/ Derived from Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Gir. Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Knäsol × Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Knäsol C CᚳᚷᛁᛰL c IPA: [s], [k] Derived from Modern Latin letter C (majuscule) (C). Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Qua × Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Qua C q IPA: [k] Derived from Modern Latin letter C (majuscule) (C).	Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Ar × Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Ar ᛅ ᛅᚱ a IPA: [a] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Ár (ᛅ). Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Ar × Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Ar ᚷ ᚷᚱ a IPA: [a] Derived from Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Ár (ᛅ). Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Er × Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Er ᛆ ᛆᚱ e IPA: [e] Derived from Medieval Runic letter Ár (ᛆ). Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Er × Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Er ᛆ ᛆᚱ e IPA: [e] Derived from Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Er (ᛆ). Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Halfårs × Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Halfårs ä IPA: [æ] Derived from Medieval Runic letter Ár (ᛆ). Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Halfårs × Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Halfårs ᚯ ᚼᚷLᚨᚼRᛁ ä IPA: [æ] Derived from Medieval Runic letter Óss (ᚯ).	Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Dors × Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Dors D DᛰRᛌ d IPA: [d] Derived from variant of Medieval Runic letter Thurs (ᚦ). Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Dors × Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Dors ᚦ ᚦᛰRᛁ d IPA: [d] Derived from Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Dors (D).		Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Fir × Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Fir ᚠ ᚠᛁR f IPA: [f] Derived from Medieval Runic letter Fé (ᚠ). Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Fir × Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Fir ᚨ ᚨᛁR f IPA: [f] Derived from Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Fir (ᚠ) or Modern Latin letter F (majuscule) (F).	Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Helårs × Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Helårs ᛦ ö IPA: [øː] Derived from Medieval Runic letter Ár (ᛦ). Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Madhär × Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Madhär ᛉ m IPA: [m] Derived from Medieval Runic letter Maðr (ᛘ). Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Madhär × Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Madhär ᛘ m IPA: [m] Derived from Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Madhär (ᛉ).	Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Ur × Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Ur u IPA: [u] Derived from Medieval Runic letter Úr (ᚢ). Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Ur × Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Ur u IPA: [u] Derived from Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Ur.		Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Hagal × Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Hagal h IPA: [h] Derived from Medieval Runic letter Hagall (ᚼ). Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Hagall × Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Hagal ᚼ h IPA: [h] Derived from Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Hagal.		Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Is × Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Is ᛁ ᛁᛌ i IPA: [i] Derived from Medieval Runic letter Íss (ᛁ). Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Is × Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Is ᛁ ᛁᛁ i IPA: [i] Derived from Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Is (ᛁ).		Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Lagh × Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Lagh ᛚ l IPA: [l] Derived from Medieval Runic letter Lǫgr (ᛚ). Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Lagh × Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Lagh L l IPA: [l] Derived from Modern Latin letter L (majuscule) (L).		Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Nådh × Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Nådh ᚿ ᚿᚯDR n IPA: [n] Derived from Medieval Runic letter Nauðr (ᚿ). Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Nådh × Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Nådh ᚿ ᚿᚼᚦR n IPA: [n] Derived from Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Nådh (ᚿ).		Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Helårs × Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Helårs Ö ᚼᛆLᚼRᛁ ö IPA: [øː] Derived from Latin letter O with diaeresis (majuscule) (Ö).				Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Re × Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Re R Rᛆ r IPA: /r/ Derived from Modern Latin letter R (majuscule) (R). Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Re × Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Re R r IPA: /r/ Derived from Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Re (R).	Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Knäsol × Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Knäsol ᛋ ᛋᚳᚯᛌᛰᛚ c IPA: [s], [k] Derived from Long-branch Younger Futhark letter Sól (ᛋ). Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Sol × Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Sol ᛌ ᛌᛰᛚ s IPA: [s] Derived from Medieval Runic letter Sól (ᛌ). Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Sol × Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Sol ᛁ ᛁᛰL s IPA: [s] Derived from Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Sol (ᛌ).	Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Tir × Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Tir ᛐ ᛐᛁR t IPA: [t] Derived from Medieval Runic letter Týr (ᛐ). Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Tir × Late Dalecarlian Runic letter Tir T TᛁR t IPA: [t] Derived from Early Dalecarlian Runic letter Tir (ᛐ) or Modern Latin letter (majuscule) (T).

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Writing Scripts Descended from Egyptian Hieroglyphs

Medieval Runes

ᚠᚢᚦᚮᚱᚴ

Languages^{1, citation needed}

Places^1,2

Abecedary^1,3-7

Letter variants

Letter C

Letter D

Letter E

Letter G

Letter H

Letter M

Letter P

Letter S

Letter Th

Letter V

Letter Y

Letter Z

Letter Æ

Paleography⁸

Script comparison^1-7,9-12

Lineage^{1,2,6,11-20,citation needed}

References

Medieval Runes

ᚠᚢᚦᚮᚱᚴ

Languages1, citation needed

Places1,2

Abecedary1,3-7

Medieval Runic letter Ár

ᛆ

ᛆᚱ

Medieval Runic letter Bjǫrk

ᛒ

ᛒᛁᚢᚱᚳ

Medieval Runic letter C

Medieval Runic letter D

ᛑ

Medieval Runic letter Ð

ᚧ

Medieval Runic letter E

ᛂ

Medieval Runic letter Fé

ᚠ

ᚠᛁ

Medieval Runic letter G

ᚵ

Medieval Runic letter Hagall

ᚼ

ᚼᛆᚴᛆᛚᛚ

Medieval Runic letter Íss

ᛁ

ᛁᛌᛌ

Medieval Runic letter Kaun

ᚴ

ᚴᛆᚢᚿ

Medieval Runic letter Lǫgr

ᛚ

ᛚᚢᚴᚱ

Medieval Runic letter Maðr

ᛘ

ᛘᛆᚦᚱ

Medieval Runic letter Nauðr

ᚿ

ᚿᛆᚢᚦᚱ

Medieval Runic letter Óss

ᚮ

ᚮᛌᛌ

Medieval Runic letter P

ᛔ

Medieval Runic letter Q

ᚴ

Medieval Runic letter Reið

ᚱ

ᚱᛁᚦ

Medieval Runic letter Sól

ᛌ

ᛌᚢᛚ

Medieval Runic letter Týr

ᛐ

ᛐᚢᚱ

Medieval Runic letter Thurs

ᚦ

ᚦᚢᚱᛌ

Medieval Runic letter Úr

ᚢ

ᚢᚱ

Medieval Runic letter V

ᚡ

Medieval Runic letter Ýr

ᛦ

ᛦᚱ

Medieval Runic letter Z

Medieval Runic letter Æ

ᛅ

Medieval Runic letter Ø

ᚯ

Letter variants

Letter C

Letter D

Letter E

Letter G

Letter H

Letter M

Languages^{1, citation needed}

Places^1,2

Abecedary^1,3-7

Paleography⁸

Script comparison^1-7,9-12